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State Aid Trends in Poland and Finland - Similarities and Differences

100%
Ambroziak A. A.
Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs
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2022
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vol. 26
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issue 4
217-232
EN
State aid is one of the financial instruments available to EU member states for intervention in domestic markets. On the one hand its use is prohibited by Article 107(1) TFEU, but on the other hand there are many exemptions, including regional and horizontal state aid. Given the centralised system for State aid in the EU, one could expect that the volume and structure in terms of forms and purposes of public aid granted should be similar from one member state to the next. Considering the diversity among what are now 27 member states, both from the perspective of experience in managing the economy and the directions of its development, the objective of this article is to capture and evaluate the similarities and differences in the approach taken to State aid as an instrument of intervention in two relatively different countries - Poland and Finland. To this end the comparative analysis will not only cover Poland and Finland themselves but also their respective groups of countries - the Visegrád Group and Scandinavian members of the EU. The above analysis permits the conclusion that the structure of public aid relative to the main purposes of granting differs significantly between Poland and Finland, in favour of Finland, from the perspective of the achievement of the EU objectives associated with the successive economic strategies.
2
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The Self-employment of Women in Azerbaijan

88%
Gomółka K.
Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs
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2021
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vol. 25
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issue 2
171-190
EN
Azerbaijan has a population of more than 10 million, of which women accounted for 50% in 2020. At the same time, 93% of Azerbaijan's citizens describe themselves as Muslims. Since the beginning of independence, Azerbaijan has been a secular state by virtue of Article 48 of the Constitution, which guarantees the freedom of worship, choice, or nonpractice of religion and the freedom of expression of one's own views on religion. This article aims to assess the changes in the self-employment of women in Azerbaijan through a deductive analysis of data and observation of changes in the structure of resources based on generally available macroeconomic data. This study focuses on the situation of women on the Azerbaijani labour market over the two decades of the 21st century. The numbers of economically active women, including those in employment and the unemployed, and economically inactive women are specified. Further, the government's legal and financial policy in respect of women's self-employment is analysed. The author determines what percentage of companies were set up by women and in which sectors and locations.
3
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Recent Changes and Developments in State Aid for Research, Development and Innovation in the European Union

75%
Ambroziak A. A.
Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs
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2016
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vol. 4
73-94
EN
Competitiveness involves a variety of factors, however recently special attention has been paid to innovative solutions that have become crucial for the development of firms and economies. Due to the fact that there are many market failures identifi ed within research and development activities, many theorists, entrepreneurs and politicians accept granting R&D&I state aid to companies assuming that it should simultaneously contribute to the enhancement of innovation and, consequently, competitiveness of the EU economy. The paper is aimed at assessing the focus of state aid policy on research, development and innovation in the light of theory and practice (based on the recent experience). To this end we will analyse theoretical arguments for interventions supporting R&D activities, legal bases and criteria of admissibility for state aid for R&D&I, as well as, importance of R&D&I public aid in the EU Member States. The analysis of legal changes in conditions of admissibility of aid granted for research, development and innovation confirms that such aid belongs to the concept of improved economic competitiveness, also of the EU industry. However, like any government intervention, the aid should target only enterprises with real development potential and only when they are faced with market failures. As regards a position of state aid to R&D&I in public spending, remarkably, in the times of economic crisis more developed countries with higher GDP engaged more public budget resources into R&D&I activities.
4
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Subsydiowanie konstrukcji i modernizacji portów lotniczych jako wsparcie dla przewoźników – analiza możliwości prawnomiędzynarodowej kontroli

51%
Kociubiński J.
internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny
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2017
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vol. 6
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issue 2
37-49
PL
W warunkach globalnej konkurencji na rynku transportu lotniczego kontrola subsydiowania sektora jest zagadnieniem kontrowersyjnym. Warunkiem koniecznym jest z jednej strony istnienie politycznej woli uregulowania kwestii, a z drugiej – stworzenie praktycznie efektywnego mechanizmu kontroli i egzekucji. Można argumentować, że sama istota prawa międzynarodowego uniemożliwia wprowadzenie rozwiązań wystarczająco efektywnych, rozwiązujących problem zaburzenia konkurencji w wyniku subsydiowania niektórych przedsiębiorstw branży. Publiczne finansowanie portów lotniczych, które bywa uznawane za nienależne wsparcie dla przewoźników operujących z danego obiektu stanowi szczególnie referencyjny przykład powyższych trudności. Niniejszy artykuł zawiera analizę możliwości wprowadzenia prawnomiędzynarodowej kontroli pomocy pośredniej, gdzie realnym beneficjentem jest nie tylko adresat środka. Rozważania prowadzone są z perspektywy Unii Europejskiej w kontekście umów bilateralnych zawieranych między UE a państwami trzecimi, dotyczącymi kontroli subsydiów.
EN
The issue of subsidies control in the global air transport market is a controversial one. In order to regulate this sphere, both political consensus of the States involved as well as an effective enforcement mechanism is required. One may even say that the very nature of public international law precludes the introduction of sufficiently effective measures that would prevent competition distortion as a result of subsidization. Public financing of airport infrastructure, which could be considered as granting undue advantage to airlines operating from that hub, serves as a prime example of the above challenges. This paper provides a feasibility analysis of the introduction of a system of international control of indirect subsidies – measures where the recipient is not the sole beneficiary of the aid. The analysis is conducted through the lens of the European concept of State Aid, as introduced in the international agreements between the EU and non-member States.
5
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Prawidłowe określenie statusu MŚP w kontekście korzystania z pomocy publicznej przez przedsiębiorstwa

51%
Kulawik-Dutkowska J.
internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny
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2014
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vol. 3
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issue 9
73-89
PL
Pomimo wprowadzenia definicji MŚP do unijnych i polskich aktów prawnych, zagadnienie to budzi szereg wątpliwości w praktyce życia gospodarczego, a szczególnie w kontekście uzależnienia możliwości korzystania z pewnych rodzajów pomocy publicznej przez przedsiębiorców od posiadania statusu mikro-, małego lub średniego przedsiębiorstwa. Unijne i polskie przepisy regulujące to zagadnienie pozostawiają istotną lukę interpretacyjną, którą wypełniają decyzje organów administracji i Komisji Europejskiej oraz orzeczenia sądów unijnych i krajowych. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest omówienie problematyki prawidłowego zdefiniowania statusu MŚP, przy uwzględnieniu przepisów prawa i ustalonego orzecznictwa, w celu uniknięcia konsekwencji błędów popełnionych w tym zakresie
EN
Despite the introduction of SME definition in the EU and Polish legal acts, this notion raises a number of doubts in the economic practice, in particular in the context of making certain types of State Aid conditional on possessing status of a micro, small, or medium-sized enterprise. The EU and Polish regulations governing this issue leave a significant interpretation gap, filled by the decisions of national administration and European Commission, as well as judgments of EU and national courts. The aim of this article is to discuss the range of problems related to correct assessment of SME status, taking into account legal provisions and established jurisprudence, in order to avoid negative consequences of any mistakes in this regard.
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