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PL
Artykuł stanowi próbę wielopłaszczyznowego ukazania podłoża wewnątrzśrodowiskowego konfliktu w Stowarzyszeniu PAX, który w 1955 r. doprowadził do poważnego w skutkach rozłamu. W pierwszej części tekstu skoncentrowano uwagę na genezie grupy, która opuści PAX. W drugiej części artykułu dokonano analizy procesu wewnętrznej dekompozycji Stowarzyszenia PAX, który doprowadził do opuszczenia jego szeregów przez tzw. frondę. Omówiono zarówno podstawowe źródła konfliktu, jak też przebieg wewnętrznego sporu, z uwzględnieniem optyki dwóch stron konfliktu. The article is an attempt at multi-faceted presentation of the underlying causes of the internal conflict within the PAX Association, which in 1955 led to a split with serious consequences. The first part focuses on the origins of the group which would leave PAX. The second part is and analysis of the process of internal decomposition of the PAX Association, which led the so-called Fronde to leave its ranks. The text discusses both the basic causes of the conflict, and its internal course, seen from the both sides.
EN
The article shows the creation and functioning of the periodical Ancora. Pismo katolików poświęcone zagadnieniom odnowy soborowej Kościoła in personal and structural terms. Father Zbigniew Bonawentura Fróg (1920–1986), a priest of the Przemyśl diocese since 1943, a personal information source of the Security Service, and finally its clandestine officer, played a major role in this endeavour. The text is a contribution to further in-depth research into the disintegration activities carried out by various structures of the repressive apparatus in the Polish People’s Republic, with particular emphasis on the significance of Department IV of the Security Service of the Ministry of the Interior in this field.
PL
Artykuł ukazuje powstanie i funkcjonowanie periodyku „Ancora. Pismo katolików poświęcone zagadnieniom odnowy soborowej Kościoła” w ujęciu personalnym i strukturalnym. W tym przedsięwzięciu główną rolę odegrał ks. Zbigniew Bonawentura Fróg (1920–1986), kapłan diecezji przemyskiej od 1943 r., osobowe źródło informacji SB, wreszcie jej funkcjonariusz na etacie niejawnym. Tekst jest przyczynkiem do dalszych pogłębionych badań nad działalnością dezintegracyjną prowadzoną przez różne struktury aparatu represji w PRL ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem znaczenia na tym polu Departamentu IV SB MSW.
PL
Stowarzyszenie PAX to organizacja, której geneza wywodzi się ze środowiska skupionego po II wojnie światowej wokół Bolesława Piaseckiego i nazywanego powszechnie – od nazwy wydawanego przez nich od 1945 r. tygodnika – grupą „Dziś i Jutro”. Formalnie Stowarzyszenie PAX zostało zarejestrowane 9 kwietnia 1952 r. Organizacja ta jawnie kolaborowała z władzami komunistycznymi. Mimo to przygarniała w swoje szeregi byłych żołnierzy Armii Krajowej, podziemia niepodległościowego oraz tych, którzy ze względu na działalność antykomunistyczną nie mogli znaleźć zatrudnienia. Prowadzony przez Stowarzyszenie PAX Instytut Wydawniczy był w rządzonym przez komunistów kraju jedynym miejscem, gdzie obok publikacji o charakterze religijnym mogły na szerszą skalę ukazywać się wspomnienia i książki dotyczące Armii Krajowej i Powstania Warszawskiego. W ten sposób Stowarzyszenie PAX pielęgnowało pamięć o bohaterach, o których zabraniała pisać komunistyczna cenzura.
EN
The PAX Association derives from the environment concentrated around Bolesław Piasecki after World War II, and widely called today “Dziś i Jutro” group, from the name of a weekly periodical they have been publishing since 1945. It was formally registered on April 9th, 1952. This organization openly collaborated with the communist authorities. Despite this fact, it admitted into its ranks the former soldiers of the Home Army, the independence underground and those people, who couldn’t find employment as a result of their anti-communist activity. The Publishing Institute run by the PAX Association was the only place in a communist country where, apart from the religious publications, a significant number of memoirs and books about the Home Army and the Warsaw Uprising could appear. In this way the PAX Association was taking care of the memory about the heroes, banned by the communist censorship.
EN
In the period of 1945–1989, in Communist Poland, after the subjection of the Labour Party by the Communists in 1945, and their assimilation in 1950 by the Democratic Party, there was no independent Christian Democratic party; despite this, Poland was a country of the Soviet Block, in which the Catholic Church had relatively large freedom, while Christian democratic parties officially existed in GDR and the Czechoslovakian Republic. This issue is strictly related with several other matters: with Christian Democratic and non-Christian democratic efforts of the Catholics aimed at the establishment of the Catholic Party inside the PRL political system (among others, on the basis of Bolesław Piasecki’s PAX Association); with the activities of the groups relating to the Christian democracy outside the party structures (here it necessary to mention Janusz Zabłocki, the ODiSS group and Polish Catholic Social Association); with activities of all other groups of “lawful” Catholics functioning within Communism; finally with the issue of intellectual research aimed at the rationalisation of the existence of Christian democracy outside the democratic system, in the necessary cooperation with an atheistic totalitarian regime (here a special role was played by inspiration with Christian socialism of Emmanuel Mounier). To provide the final statement concerning the scale of the Christian democratic inspiration in both social and political life it is necessary to deepen the present research concerning almost every political groups of Catholics in PRL – both legal and illegal – maybe aside from the well-known group of “Znak”. It is necessary to verify the findings of the present historiography, which mainly belonged to the identity stream, that is the stream giving priority for the justification of the political attitudes of Catholics during PRL over comprehensive and reliable information analysis. The matters crucial for understanding the existence context of the Christian democratic inspirations in the period of PRL include the issues of various forms of political Catholic realisms in PRL (including specific differentiation of the realism of resistance, collaboration and capitulation – using terms applied by Rafał Matyja), as well as an explanation as to why Catholic groups in PRL – in contrast to the Christian Democrats during the inter-war period – tried to build their identity on the critique of the largest Catholic political formation in Poland – namely the national movement, and often even broader – on the critique of the entire relation between Catholicism and Polish national identity.
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