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EN
Of all the elements of the human body, hair has been one of the most well-developed symbols. It has been the subject of a variety of activities to which many meanings have been assigned. A specific hairstyle, its shape, length, weave or color in different cultures have meant belonging to particular social groups or determining economic or social status. The author focuses her attention on the aspects of folk rituals using hair, including the symbolic meaning of manipulation of hair, such as combing, pinning and cutting. In addition to determining social status, the important role in the ritual’s calendar and family life, hair has been associated with broadly understood symbolism and various meanings. The purpose of the text is to also show the relationship between the belief function and the appearance of the hair and the actions by which they are affected.
PL
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Kontury ruského symbolismu

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EN
In order to describe the literary processes in the era of symbolism and the following decades it is important to realize that next to the avant-gard movements there is also the trend of the „anti-modern modernism“ (Milan Kundera). Against the emancipatory ideas of the avant-garde (following in the line of European Illumination) there is the continuation of Romantic cosmic visions. The author sees Osip Mandelstam, Andrei Platonov, and Marina Cvetaeva as rare representatives of this line in Russia. They see the Russian Revolution as a cosmic element (rather than a political event), the human being as torn between the perception of the immediate data of consciousness, and the feeling of cosmic movements. The implications of this vision are examined in more detail in the works and poetics of Marina Cvetaeva.
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The study reports on relations between the field of so-called ritual studies and the educational sphere. The author points out the relations between rituals and the process of human shaping and learning, the state of ritual-discussion in pedagogical sphere, the criteria for analysis and identification of rituals in educational contexts, the possibilities of differentiation of various forms of ritual activities in educational contexts.
EN
In 1900, French writer André Gide purchased Maurice Denis’s Homage to Cézanne, nowadays in the collection of Musée d’Orsay. Considered a turning point in Denis’s career, the painting cele­brates the new values of classicism that Denis discovered in the company of Gide while in Rome two years earlier. This essay discusses the similarities between the painter’s and the writer’s own definitions of classicism, while focusing also on the way in which each one of them applied this definition to their own work.
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Intensywność Wata

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EN
The article discusses a collection of literary essays Elementy do portretu. Szkice o twórczości Aleksandra Wata published and edited by Poznań-based specialists in Polish literature and dedicated to Professor Ewa Wiegandt. The starting point for the discussion is the observation that the authors of the essays had to grapple with the elusiveness and multidimensional character of the output of A. Wat, with the entanglement of the text of his works with the text of his biography, and finally with the multitude of its cultural contexts. The reviewer distinguishes four research currents in the collection of essays, each being a different answer to these particular traits of Wat’s writing. Historical and literary studies in the book show the author in his relations and as a non-categorizable author, and challenge the Futurist character of his juvenile writings by juxtaposing them with earlier Symbolism and later Catastrophism. The interpretative study current tries to find ways to define Wat through reading his individual works. Here, the overriding opposition between ”closeness” and ”openness”, so pivotal in the poet’s works, becomes apparent. The current of thematology that present Wat’s literary topoi in relation to his biography is well represented in the volume. Finally, the studies that cross the strictly literary horizon try to capture the multi-tier structures of Wat’s works, reinterpreting them from the sociological, historical or axiological perspectives. The final conclusion of the review is the acknowledgement of the richness offered by the book that corresponds well to the intensity of works and the biography of the author.
EN
The article deals with the legacy of Teodor de Wyzewa’s reflexions on Wagner/Wagnerism and their substantial impact on French Symbolist writers. The requirement to actually overcome national boundaries and pertaining ideologies has been a major step in seeking to open up French literature towards major foreign influences. It has also contributed to shape and define modernism, albeit in a rather conservative and largely neo-classical fashion.
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This article consists in a thorough analysis of various Czech translations of the early poems of French Symbolist poet Stéphane Mallarmé. The main difficulties arise from Mallarmé’s omnipresence in Czech literary culture, together with a tendency to adapt his poetry to fit the mood of changing historical contexts and expectations. Many Czech poets — some of the most prominent — have dealt with Mallarmé’s poetry, and its influence cannot be limited to a simple matter of translation. Among other things, it has thoroughly permeated Czech poetry in a specifically political way, as we see for example with Hrubín’s historic address to the Convention of Writers in 1956. The overall aim of this paper however is to present a detailed examination of two Parnassian poems by Mallarmé as translated by F. Dohnal, E. Lešehrad, K. Čapek, V. Nezval, F. Hrubín, O. Nechutová, V. Mikeš and J. Pokorný. Based on a series of observations that have mainly to do with semantics, prosody and the translators’ overarching strategies, the authors come to the conclusion that the early Czech translations depend too much (if not word-for-word) on the French originals, and on Parnassian poetical principals. A sensible change comes with K. Čapek. It is, however, F. Hrubín, himself an acclaimed poet, who offers the most convincing translation, at least if we take into consideration such traditional or conservative criteria as precision and accuracy
EN
The article aims at identifying various references that Józef Chełmoński’s painting made to the widely perceived tradition of 19 th -century European landscape. The analysis does not only include the Polish artist’s direct connections with the group of Munich or Paris painters (both from among the academic circles and unofficial ones), but also the ways the artist drew from the modern aesthetic tendencies, conventions, and visual strategies he became acquainted with when abroad, all of those rooted in the discovery of photography, Realism, Impressionism, Symbolism, or Japonism. The Author also analyses the position J. Chełmoński’s art held in the national discourse of Polish artistic criticism and the myth it implied of a painter of land, attached to native landscape and thence drawing nutritious creative forces, national in content and form, while indifferent to cosmopolitan vogues. This suggestive vision of Chełmoński as a wild instinctive artist, consolidated particularly by Stanisław Witkiewicz, is confronted with the organic concept of Gustave Courbet’s creative process, the searches of the Barbizon School and of its German followers.
Bohemistyka
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2020
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issue 3
367-382
EN
The article is focused mainly on metamorphoses of aesthetic-philosophical approaches of the most important representatives of Czech literature at the end of 19th and beginning of 20th century whose work presents gradual heading for modern art, from decadent to symbolist focus using an aesthetic theory of Russian philosopher Vladimir Solovjov based on theurgic substance of art.
EN
Literary history commonly grounds itself in the heritage of philosophical positivism. It is not only its predilection for facts, but also a belief that the facts themselves can provide for the contours of syntheses and concepts of major styles and genres. The era of symbolism marked the renewed interest in philosophical hermeneutics, and, consequently, the realization that empirical knowledge is structured by a ground of a-priori assumptions (the rehabilitation of “prejudice”). This ground gave rise to a series of major concepts, the best known of which are Ferdinand Saussure’s “langue” and “parole”, but there are many more of similar pairs: Viktor Shklovsky “story” (fabula) and “plot” (syuzhet), Jan Mukařovský’s “semantic gesture” and “structure”, or Yury Tynianov’s “tightness of a verse line” and “syntax”. In the field of philosophy it is Arnold Toynbee’s pair of terms “challenge” and “answer”. Husserl’s concept of “Lebenswelt” is the most important explication of this approach in philosophy.
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EN
This paper analyzes Tancrède de Visan’s early views on Symbolism as they appear in his foreword to the poetry collection Paysages introspectifs (1904). We put a special emphasis on some Bergsonian key notions, such as intuition or élan vital, and the way Visan uses them in order to distinguish the Parnass’ methods from those used by the Symbolists.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą odszyfrowania i artystycznej interpretacji sonetu Arthura Rimbauda Samogłoski, pozostającego do dziś – ze względu na swój hermetyczny charakter – przedmiotem poważnych badań naukowych i niekończących się interpretacji. Zasugerowano kilka najbardziej prawdopodobnych wskazówek interpretacyjnych. Udowodniono, że sonet Rimbauda jest czymś więcej niż ilustracją konkretnego przypadku odpowiedników audiowizualnych. Ilustruje poetyckie credo Rimbauda, jego metodę poetycką – jasnowidzenie, będącą później fundamentem symbolizmu.
BE
Артыкул уяўляе сабой спробу дэкадавання і мастацкай інтэрпрэтацыі санета Арцюра Рэмбо Галосныя, які з прычыны сваёй герметычнасці ўсё яшчэ застаецца прадметам сур'ёзных навуковых даследаванняў і бясконцых інтэрпрэтацый. Прапанаваны некалькі найбольш верагодных інтэрпрэтацыйных ключоў. Даводзіцца, што санет А. Рэмбо ўяўляе сабой нешта нашмат большае, чым ілюстрацыя асобнага выпадку аўдыёвізуальных адпаведнікаў. Ён ілюструе паэтычнае крэда А. Рэмбо, яго паэтычны метад – “яснабачанне”, пакладзены пазней у аснову сімвалізму.
EN
The article is an attempt at decoding and artistic interpretation of Arthur Rimbaud's sonnet The Vowels which due to its hermetic nature still remains the subject of serious scientific research and endless interpretations. Some most likely interpretive keys are suggested. It is proven that Rimbaud's sonnet is much more than an illustration of a particular case of audiovisual counterparts. It illustrates Rimbaud's poetic credo, his poetic method – “clairvoyance” which formed the basis of symbolism.
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