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Teleologie jako jeden ze základních pojmů Pražského lingvistického kroužku?

100%
Korensky J.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2008
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vol. 69
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issue 1-2
44-49
EN
If we are to understand Prague School Functionalism in the sense of the first paragraph of the Theses presented by the Prague Linguistic Circle to the First Congress of Slavists held in Prague in 1929, teleology becomes a single-word synonym for the dynamic functional structure 'means-aim/purpose/function'. In such a case, it not necessary to view it as one of the basic concepts of the Prague School. However, if we are to understand the issue such that language is above all an immanent structure which is intentionally 'aware' of its movement toward goals, then teleology is one of the basic concepts of the Prague School. The first case represents a question of the relationships 'means-aim/purpose/function', while in the second it is entirely appropriate to speak of goals.
2

PHILOSOPHICAL CONTEXT OF THE CYBERNETICS. TO THE 60th JUBILEE OF THE CYBERNETICS

80%
Tondl L.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
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2008
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vol. 15
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issue 3
295-303
EN
The paper presents the analysis of the philosophical roots of cybernetic thinking and its links to the important scientific trends. The programs launched by cybernetics have justified the accents placed on 'intentionality', 'teleological worlds', 'worlds of the artificial'. The founder of cybernetics, Norbert Wiener, emphasized what he called 'human use' or 'human dimensions' of cybernetics and its applications.
3

CAUSAL CAPABILITIES OF TELEOLOGY AND TELEONOMY IN LIFE AND EVOLUTION

80%
Bartlett J.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
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2023
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vol. 30
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issue 3
222 – 254
EN
Teleological causes have been generally disfavoured in biological explanations because they have been thought to lack rigor or act as stand-ins for non-teleological processes which are simply not yet understood sufficiently. Teleological explanations in biology have been limited to only teleonomic causes, which are teleological causes that are due to codes or similarly reified mechanisms. However, advances in the conceptualization of teleological and teleonomic causation have allowed for more quantitative analyses of both. Additionally, although teleonomy has been historically excluded from potential causes of evolution, new research has shown that teleonomy actually plays a significant role in evolution. Combining these advances with advances in computability theory and information theory have allowed for a more rigorous and quantitative analysis of the capabilities and limitations of teleonomy in evolution.
4
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Ideen I von Edmund Husserl im Lichte der Lehre des hl. Thomas von Aquin

70%
Cyciura P.
Filo-Sofija
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2009
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vol. 9
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issue 9
133-154
EN
Transcendence is understood by Husserl as a being for consciousness. This means that it is ontically not self-reliant. Availing myself of Husserl’s qualification of the constitution as Erzeugung, Produktion – I reinterpret the concept of transcendence as a concept of product. Moreover, I reinterpret the concept of Husserl’s teleology in the light of Thomas’ analysis of act. It appears that responsibility implies the being for others, not simply for consciousness; it implies the being not of the product itself, but of the gift for the person. The products are really not self-reliant, as they can always be deprived of the gift-character and became man-hostile (alienation).
5

TELEOLÓGIA, INTENCIONALITA, NATURALIZMUS

70%
Klima G.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2009
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vol. 64
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issue 2
114-122
EN
After a brief analysis of the specifics of teleological explanations as opposed to causal explanations, the paper seeks to establish the irreducibility of the former to the latter by arguing that teleological explanations are inextricably tied to our notion of intentionality. Since this result undermines the very possibility of 'a physicalist reduction' of the explanation of teleological phenomena, especially of human behaviour, the rest of the paper develops an argument against the perceived need of any such reduction. According to the conclusion of the paper, a more promising program is the development of a 'modern, scientific Aristotelianism', one that can provide a consistent conceptual framework that accommodates both types of explanation.
6

THE ESSENCE OF ARTIFACTS: THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE DESIGN STANCE

70%
Kelemen D., Carey S.
Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)
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2007
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vol. 62
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issue 1
31-59
EN
Some have argued that because artifacts are not natural kinds, they fall outside of the domain of the theory-theory of concepts. To the contrary, artifact concepts function very much like natural kind concepts. A causal-explanatory structure known as 'the design stance' underlies adult concepts of artifacts. According to the design stance, each artifact's existence, kind, and properties can be explained by the function intended by its designer. The notion of intended function constrains reasoning about artifacts just as representations of causal essences constrain reasoning about natural kinds. Furthermore, just as some framework theories that constrain representations of natural kinds, such as a vitalist biology, must be constructed in childhood, so too the design stance is not constructed until the late preschool years (being consolidated between four and six years of age.) Unlike vitalist biology, though, the construction of the design stance builds upon developmental primitives that are part of the early developing systems of infant core knowledge, especially those within core knowledge of intentional agency.
7

Three Meanings and Three Assumptions of Rationality of Human Action

70%
Horak V.
Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)
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2009
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vol. 31
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issue 2
71-99
EN
This text discusses the notion of rationality with respect to economics. First, it states the essential meanings of this notion and then goes on to the possibilities of rationality, which is a synonym for the effectiveness of human action. It distinguishes three types that may correspond to this meaning, where each type is unique and independent of the other two. In the end, it relates the presented typology to the work of Ludwig von Mises. His radical approach provides for good instruction of the sides of economic thought that the author wants to call attention to. Economics as a deductive science is interested in very strong assumptions about human action, and ambiguities about the notion of rationality provide for rhetorical tactics that can justify it. Elucidation of the notion and the presented typology of the meanings and assumptions of rationality should contribute to the revelation of these tactics.
8

SLAVERY AND CITIZENSHIP IN ARISTOTLE’S POLITICS

70%
Martinez J.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2013
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vol. 68
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issue 2
124 – 131
EN
Aristotle believes that most people can be enslaved, devoid of injustice, as they are born to be slaves. At the same time, some of them are born free to dominate as the masters. The most modern critics have condemned these concepts. The author tries to re-evaluate the concepts of citizenship and slavery in the light of Aristotle’s Politics, to reveal not only Aristotle’s reasoning, but also how his views are interpreted by contemporary philosophers.
9

DARWIN'S IDEA OF THE PURPOSEFULNESS IN NATURE.

70%
Bylica P.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2008
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vol. 53
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issue 3-4
259-273
EN
A role of naturalism in the contemporary science is still an important issue, which is commonly discussed in the field of philosophy of science. The author is presenting the factors that are related to the origin of Darwinian theory of evolution, and are crucial for appropriate understanding the matter. Darwin used to be an advocate of William Paley's version concerning the purposefulness. At last, however, the essential part of Darwin's evolutionary concept turned out to be a negation of all previous explanations referring to God's special intervention, or guidance in the process of evolution. Elimination of such explanations is fundamental and much distinctive for modern science as methodological naturalism. A common acceptance of the discussed methodological postulate is firmly connected with the achievements of Darwin's theory. In the present paper the author is willing to show that both scientific and problematic factors were crucial for the fundamental scientific assumption.
10
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O fenomenologii Boga i religii w projekcie filozoficznym Edmunda Husserla

61%
Płotka W.
Filo-Sofija
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2009
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vol. 9
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issue 9
115-132
EN
Edmund Husserl’s phenomenology could be pointed as a source of a long-term tradition of considering the question of God. Such thinkers as: Max Scheler, Martin Heidegger, Gabriel Marcel, Emmanuel Lévinas, Jean-Luc Marion, Robert Sokolowski, Henry Duméry, or Gerardus van der Leeuw used the phenomenological method to investigate the problem of God. Although all of them were connected with the phenomenological movement, none of them posed the question about the notion of God in Husserl’s phenomenology itself. This article aims at fulfilling the mentioned lack. Additionally, the article discusses the relation between Husserl – a Christian and Husserl – a philosopher. Furthermore, after introducing the phenomenological idea of reduction, three notions of God are indicated within Husserl’s phenomenology. Firstly, an operative notion of God as the model for a perfect cognition is analyzed. Secondly, Husserl uses a descriptive notion where God is equal to the moral order of the society. Thirdly, a transcendental notion of God is understood as teleology. The three notions present phenomenology as a way leading from methodological atheism to the anticipation of the ultimate God.
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