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EN
On January 1, 2015 the Law of 23 October, 2014 comes into force amending the Act on the national system of records of producers, of homesteads and of applications for payments. The amendment to the Act is the corollary of the decision of the Constitutional Court of 3 December 2013, (Ref. No. P 40/12), in which, after examining the issue of the legal question presented in the High Administrative Court, on the regulation of Art. 12 paragraph. 4 of the Act, the Court held that this provision to the extent that does not provide for the admissibility of individual identification numbers given to each of the spouses in a situation where there is division of marital property and they own separate farms, is at variance with Art. 32 paragraph. 1 in conjunction with Art. 18 of the Constitution. This article is an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation by the legislator of the guidelines made by the Constitutional Court in support of the decision in the light of the threat, under the new legal framework, of creating by the spouses artificial conditions for obtaining public assistance.
EN
The article is a continuation of the considerations presented by the author in the study ‘A Court of Peers – Political economy behind the triumph and crisis of the Polish Constitutional Court’ (‘The Voice of Law’ 2020, vol. 3, no. 5, item 6), in which it was indicated that the functioning of the Constitutional Court during the systemic transform- ation could be described by means of the ‘court of peers’ model, which was confirmed by historical analyses and patterns of formulating dissenting opinions. This article, however, is meant to deepen the analysis by proposing an alternative approach to the study of the process of ‘reaching a compromise’ in adjudicating panels of the Constitutional Court. Instead of traditional analyses of dissenting opinions, it uses the cases of the Constitutional Court in which more than one rapporteur was responsible for preparing the draft judgment and its main motives as well as written reasons.
PL
Opracowanie jest drugim tekstem Autora traktującym o roli Trybunału Konstytucyjnego w Polsce od jego powstania do współczesności. Tym razem Autor omawia orzeczenia TK wydane przez pełny skład Trybunału, ale tylko te, w których wyznaczono więcej niż jednego sprawozdawcę. Opracowanie nie jest analizą prawniczą. Autor pokazuje, jak w różnych okresach funkcjonowania TK ucierały się stanowiska z wykorzystaniem instytucji referentów.
PL
Polski sąd konstytucyjny funkcjonuje już od ponad trzydziestu lat. Trybunał Konstytucyjny został ustanowiony w wyniku uchwalenia ustawy z dnia 26 marca 1982 r. o zmianie Konstytucji Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej. Miał on orzekać o zgodności z Konstytucją ustaw uchwalonych przez Sejm oraz innych aktów normatywnych wydanych przez naczelne, bądź centralne organy państwowe. Ustrojodawca przyjął, że orzeczenia Trybunału Konstytucyjnego o zgodności ustaw z Konstytucją miały być rozpatrywane przez Sejm. Przepisy ówczesnej konstytucji nie regulowały właściwości, ustroju oraz sposobów procedowania Trybunału Konstytucyjnego. Miała to regulować ustawa. Została ona uchwalona dopiero w dniu 29 kwietnia 1985 roku. W opracowaniu przedstawiono dorobek orzeczniczy Trybunału Konstytucyjnego w latach 1986 – 1997 w odniesieniu do aktów podustawowych. Były nimi przede wszystkim akty normatywne wydane przez naczelne i centralne organy administracji państwowej, jak również takie akty wydane przez inne naczelne i centralne organy państwowe. W artykule omówiono m.in. procedury stosowane przez Trybunał Konstytucyjny w sprawach o stwierdzenie zgodności aktów podustawowych z Konstytucją i aktami ustawowymi. Przedstawiono również problem procedowania w przypadku pytań prawnych. Zasygnalizowano także problem postanowień sygnalizacyjnych. Termin a quo wyznacza data pierwszego orzeczenia Trybunału Konstytucyjnego. Zapadło ono w dniu 26 maja 1986 roku. Natomiast termin ad quem to data uchwalenia nowej ustawy o Trybunale Konstytucyjnym. Uchwalona ona została w dniu 1 sierpnia 1997 roku w oparciu o przepisy Konstytucji z dnia 2 kwietnia 1997 roku.
EN
The Constitutional Court of Poland has been functioning for over thirty years now. The Constitutional Tribunal was established as a result of the act on 26th March 1982 on the amendments of the Constitution of the Polish People’s Republic. It was supposed to judge the accordance of the passed acts by the Sejm and other normative acts issued by the main or central state authorities with the Constitution. The legislator adopted that the Constitutional Tribunal judgements on the accordance with the Constitution shall be recognized by the Sejm. The regulations of the Constitution that was in force at the time did not regulate appropriateness, system or ways of proceedings of the Constitutional Tribunal. The act was supposed to regulate all those areas. It was passed no sooner that on 29th April 1985. The article presents the Constitutional Tribunal judgement heritage in the years 1986-1997 in relation to the substatutory acts. Those included first of all normative acts issued by the main and central institutions of public administration as well as those acts issued by other main and central public authorities. The procedures used by the Constitutional Tribunal concerning the accordance of the substatutory acts with the Constitution and statutory acts were discussed as well. The article also presents an issue of proceedings in case of legal enquiries . A matter of signaling decisions made by the Constitutional Tribunal about the possible misconduct s were alsodiscussed . The term a quo is indicated by the date of the first judgement of the Constitutional Tribunal. It occurred on 26th May 1986. However, the term ad quem means the date of passing a new act on the Constitutional Tribunal. It was adopted on 1st August 1997 on the basis of the regulations of the Constitution from 2nd April 1997.
EN
The control over constitutionality carried out by the Constitutional Court is executed on the initiative of subjects strictly specified within the Constitution. Trade unions and employers’ organisations have legitimacy limited to cases under their spectrum of operation. Increasing number of applications for constitutionality control from trade unions and employers’ organisations makes the tribunal procedural rights of these entities a subject of numerous statements of the Constitutional Court. The following article attempts to present the views of the Constitutional Court in regard to the locus standi of trade unions and employers’ organisations laid down in the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court, and their overall assessment. The organs entitled to tribunal legitimacy are “nationwide trade union organs”. A trade union is a voluntary and self-governing organisation of working people, established to represent and defend their rights, as well as labour and social interests. Other entities entitled to the legitimacy are also “nationwide labour organisation authorities”. The main task of employers’ organisations is protection of rights, and representation of interests, including economic ones, of associated members. In the assessment of employers’ organisations legitimacy, the Constitutional Court developed two concepts: the concept of “exceptional” legitimacy, and the concept of “common denominator”. These concepts justify recognition of the lack of legitimacy. They are not accepted indiscriminately, as they are considered unsupported by resolutions of the Constitution. That conceptualisation narrows the “scope of activity” of trade unions and employers’ organisations, as not all the statutory tasks of these entities substantiate their applicable legitimacy. Although social and economic interests are within the range of activity of entities with special legitimacy, according to The Court, they are not covered by tribunal legitimacy.
PL
W niniejszym artykule podjęto próbę przedstawienia poglądów Trybunału Konstytucyjnego na temat legitymacji czynnej związków zawodowych i organizacji pracodawców wyrażonych w orzecznictwie Trybunału Konstytucyjnego oraz ich ogólnej oceny. Legitymacja trybunalska przysługuje „ogólnokrajowym organom związków zawodowych”. Związek zawodowy to dobrowolna i samorządna organizacja ludzi pracy powołana do reprezentowania i obrony ich praw, interesów zawodowych i socjalnych. Legitymacja przyznana jest także „ogólnokrajowym władzom organizacji zawodowych”. Podstawowym zadaniem organizacji pracodawców jest ochrona praw i reprezentowanie interesów, w tym gospodarczych, zrzeszonych członków. W ocenie legitymacji związków zawodowych Trybunał wypracował dwie koncepcje: legitymacji „wyjątkowej” oraz „wspólnego mianownika”. Uzasadniają one uznanie braku legitymacji. Nie są przyjmowane bezkrytycznie, oceniane są jako praktyki nieznajdujące oparcia w postanowieniach Konstytucji. Takie ujęcie zawęża „zakres działania” związków zawodowych i organizacji pracodawców, gdyż nie wszystkie ustawowe czy statutowe zadania tych podmiotów będą uzasadniały ich legitymację wnioskową. Interesy ogólnospołeczne i gospodarcze, choć znajdują się wśród zadań podmiotów o legitymacji specjalnej, nie są – zdaniem Trybunału – objęte legitymacją trybunalską.
EN
In the modern constitutional state the mechanism of elections to the representative bodies serves a unique function. That is why the electoral judiciary is such important institution. In Slovakia the most important part of that kind of judiciary has been assigned to the Constitutional Court (CC), which has the power to rule on the constitutionality and legality of all (5) present in Slovakia types of elections. In terms of the number of judgments of the CC those of election complaints occupy the second position. The most numerous complaints are those against the municipal elections to the local government bodies, and their number is continously growing. The concentration of electoral judiciary in the hands of the body which has a specific, guaranteed by the Slovak Constitution position in the judicial system has numerous advantages. However, this concentration has its weaknesses, related primarily to the question of whether CC is able to guarantee the settlement of those cases within a reasonable period of time. The answer to this question must take into account not only the overall (growing) number of constitutional complaints brought before the CC with the specific dispute about them, but also the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the rest of his judicial functions. Establishing a deadline for resolving electoral complaints by the CC we consider as only formal way to solve it, not having a systemic nature and not related to the significance of the problem of “timeliness”. A balanced solution could continually leave all current powers of CC in election complaints, but with the difference that predicating on elections to the bodies of local selfgovernment would be entrusted to the CC adjudicating panels/formation (not plenum) and only the matters relating to other elections would still be the responsibility of the plenum of the CC. In this way, the largest settlement of electoral matters would be left to 4 “adjudicating bodies” (there are now four triple panels in the CC), which with no doubt would lead to the acceleration of proceeding and adjudicating on complaints of election.
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