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Rethinking a Massacre: What Really Happened in Thessalonica and Milan in 390?

100%
Doležal S.
Eirene. Studia Graeca et Latina
|
2014
|
vol. 50
|
issue 1-2
89-107
EN
In 390, the garrison commander at Thessalonica and several officials were killed by local citizens during a riot. Upon hearing of this, instead of an appropriate response to the riot, the Emperor Theodosius ordered a retaliation. The local hippodrome in Thessalonica became the scene of a bloodbath, as soldiers mercilessly massacred thousands of people. Ambrose, the bishop of Milan, effectively excommunicated the Emperor, pending a public statement of repentance. The story of the massacre, known from several conflicting reports, leaves many questions unanswered, but its chief problem is the absurdity of such a measure against a civilian population. Puzzled by this ill-advised decision, some scholars have tried to find other explanations, such as errors in communication or the presence of troops who got out of control. The sources, such as they are, fail to support these hypotheses. They do, however, permit a simpler explanation: a grave and tragic failure of the soldiery on the spot in carrying out the Emperor’s orders. The massacre was an unwanted calamity, not only for the inhabitants of Thessalonica but also for the reputation of Theodosius and the balance of power between the state and the church.
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Drugi sobór ekumeniczny. Próba odtworzenia przebiegu obrad

75%
Czerwień J.
Folia Historica Cracoviensia
|
2007
|
vol. 13
EN
The Second Ecumenical Council (also known as the First Council of Constantinople), held in Constantinople in 381 AD, is in many ways unique in the history of ecumenical councils. Its uniqueness lies, among other things, in the scarcity of written sources describing this event. No documents from the Council are extant. All that has remained is passing references by fifth century historians and chance remarks on the Council in letters. An important, although rather singular, source on the Second Ecumenical Council is St Gregory of Nazianzus’s autobiographical poem. We can also rely on the documents which were the fruit of the Council: the canons, the Symbol and a letter written to the Emperor Theodosius I at the conclusion of the Council. The information included in these documents is not entirely coherent. This paper aims to reconstruct the proceedings of the Council on the basis of the available evidence.
PL
Drugi Sobór Ekumeniczny ( znany również jako II Sobór Konstantynopolitański ) , który odbył się w Konstantynopolu w roku 381 n.e., jest pod wieloma względami wyjątkowy w historii soborów ekumenicznych . Jego wyjątkowość polega, między innymi, na niedostatku źródeł opisujących to wydarzenie. Z posiedzeń Rady nie pozostały żadne dokumenty. Dlatego też uwaga historyków, poczynając od V wieku, skupiała się na (na ogół przypadkowych) wzmiankach na temat Rady w listach. Ważnym, choć szczególnym źródłem z Soboru Powszechnego, jest autobiograficzny poemat św. Grzegorza z Nazjanzu. Możemy również polegać na dokumentach , które były owocem Soboru: kanonach, Symbolu i listu do cesarza Teodozjusza I na zakończenie Rady. Informacje zawarte w tych dokumentach nie są w pełni spójne . Ten artykuł ma na celu rekonstrukcję obrad Rady na podstawie dostępnych dokumentów.
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