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EN
This study deals with the intermingling of nationalism with spiritual esoteric trends, especially in the environment of the workers of the Ostrava industrial agglomeration, where the spiritualist movement found a strong application at the beginning of the twentieth century. Particular attention is paid to the development in Těšín Silesia, part of which is part of the industrial agglomeration. In this ethnically mixed area, Spiritism originally brought together members of both Polish and Czech nationalities. Czechs and Poles were united by their reservations about the Catholic Church, which they perceived as a backward institution linked to the ruling Habsburg dynasty. After the creation of Poland and Czechoslovakia, Silesia became the subject of a border dispute between the two newly created states. Some Polish esotericists, disgusted by the involvement of the spiritualist movement in the political agitation against Poland, founded their own organisation – the Polish Theosophical Society in Těšín Silesia. The departure of part of the membership base resolved not only political disputes within the esoteric scene, but also older ideological tensions about its future spiritual direction. After the division of Těšín in the summer of 1920 between Czechoslovakia and Poland, the Polish Theosophical Society was newly constituted in the Czechoslovakia as a minority, national and religious community. Its leading personality was Andrzej Kajfosz (1889–1970).
PL
Całe życie w błędzie: Helena P. Blavatsky i Niepokalane Poczęcie W artykule przedstawiono błąd poznawczy Heleny P. Blavatsky, dotyczący treści dogmatu o Niepokalanym Poczęciu Maryi. Ten błąd polegał na skojarzeniu przez Helenę terminu “niepokalane poczęcie” z treścią jednej z głównych prawd wiary Kościoła, którą jest Wcielenie Pańskie. Dodatkową pomyłką w związku z tym błędem była obserwacja, iż dopiero w połowie XIX w. Kościół podniósł tę prawdę wiary do rangi dogmatu. Pomylenie poczęcia Matki z Wcieleniem Syna oraz skojarzenie tego ostatniego z terminem “niepokalane poczęcie” zrodziło kolejne trudności, gdy nowy werset Litanii Loretańskiej wskazał na Maryję jako “niepokalanie poczętą”. Zdwojony problem poznawczy, z którym w związku z tym musiała zmierzyć się H. P. Blavatsky, doprowadził ją do ogłoszenia dalszych, fantastycznych teorii na temat Niepokalanego Poczęcia, których jednak nikt nie wskazał jako błędnych przez następne 150 lat. Ten błąd poznawczy upowszechnił się głównie w świecie protestanckim i odpowiada za funkcjonowanie we współczesnej kulturze Zachodu pospolicie spotykanych wyrażeń typu “niepokalane poczęcie Chrystusa”, gdzie “niepokalaność” poczęcia oznacza brak stosunku płciowego, prowadzącego do poczęcia dziecka. W wyniku powszechnego używania tego typu wyrażeń autentyczna treść dogmatu o Niepokalanym Poczęciu NMP pozostaje dla wielu ludzi całkowicie nieznana. W artykule zagadnienie to zostało przedstawione od strony źródeł, które poświadczają sprawstwo H. P. Blavatsky, jeśli chodzi o rozpowszechnienie tego błędu poznawczego w kulturze Zachodu.
EN
This article presents the cognitive error made by Helena P. Blavatsky concerning the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of Mary. Blavatsky’s error consisted in ascribing the term “Immaculate Conception” to the content of one of the basic tenets of the Christian faith, which is the Incarnation of the Lord. An additional mistake in connection with this error was the observation that it was only in the middle of the 19th century that the Church elevated this truth to the rank of dogma. The confusion of the conception of the Mother with the Incarnation of the Son, and the association of the latter with the term “Immaculate Conception” gave rise to further difficulties, when the new verse of the Litany of Loretto pointed to Mary as “immaculately conceived.” The doubled cognitive problem that H. P. Blavatsky had to face because of this led her to announce further fantastic theories about the Immaculate Conception, which were not challenged by anyone for the next 150 years. Her grave cognitive error is now widespread and responsible for the functioning in contemporary Western culture of popular expressions such as the “Immaculate Conception of Christ,” where the “immaculateness” of the conception means the absence of sexual intercourse leading to the conception of a child. As a result of the widespread use of expressions of this type the authentic content of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of Mary remains unknown to many people. In the article, this issue is presented based on the sources, which testify to the agency of H. P. Blavatsky as regards the spread of this cognitive error in the Western culture.
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