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Model of election of the head of state of the Third Polish Republic – balancing between institutional coherence and political pragmatism

100%

Glajcar R.

Political Preferences

2013

issue 4

39-51

Poland held its first ever popular presidential election at the end of 1990. Since then four such elections have been held i.e. in 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010. In the meantime the position of the president gradually evolved hence giving rise to the question about which method for the election of the head of state is most “appropriate”. However, this issue was not an object of political deliberation for the major Polish political parties of the last 20 years. Firstly, this resulted from the popularity of the presidential election within society, which was reflected in high turnouts (considering Polish reality). Secondly, especially until the enactment of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2 April 1997, no party wanted to run the risk of being accused of returning to the political transition solutions adopted at the Round Table. Thirdly, until the beginning of 2010, the competition for the office of president was “reserved” for charismatic leaders or party leaders. It was finally Donald Tusk, who decided not to contend for the presidential election of 2010 thus wanting to change the perception of the institution of president in the system of power and draw attention and emphasize the role and the importance of a government with a strong (normatively and factually) prime minister as the leader.

W kontekście 100-lecia niepodległości. Mazowsze i jego gospodarka: od Drugiej do Trzeciej Rzeczypospolitej. Część druga: Okres 1945–2018: Polska Ludowa i Trzecia Rzeczpospolita

63%

Leszczyńska C.

MAZOWSZE Studia Regionalne

2020

issue 35

11-48

Niniejszy artykuł stanowi drugą część opracowania dotyczącego gospodarki Mazowsza na przestrzeni minionego stulecia. Przedstawia procesy i zjawiska, które ukształtowały strukturę gospodarki regionu w drugiej połowie XX w., a więc w okresie Polski Ludowej (lata 1945–1989) oraz Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (1990–2018). W dwudziestym wieku Mazowsze zwykło się utożsamiać z województwem warszawskim. Jest to oczywiście uproszczenie (o historycznym Mazowszu pisałam w części pierwszej opublikowanej w 2019 r.), niemniej z uwagi na charakter informacji jakościowych i ilościowych, które były zestawiane i agregowane na poziomie województw, podejście to narzuca się samo przez się. Powojenne województwo warszawskie stanowiło „trzon” Mazowsza, sytuacja w tym zakresie uległa zasadniczej zmianie po reformie 1975 r. likwidującej duże województwa oraz jednostki poziomu powiatowego. W jej wyniku województwo warszawskie zlikwidowano, jego obszary znalazły się w dziewięciu małych jednostkach poziomu wojewódzkiego. Jedną z nich było województwo stołeczne warszawskie. Duże województwa przywróciła dopiero reforma z 1998 r. Jednym z nich jest wojewódzkie mazowieckie.

This article is the second part of a study of the economy of the Mazovia region over the last century.It presents the processes and phenomena that shaped the structure of the region’s economy in the second half of the 20th century, i.e. in the Polish People’s Republic (1945–1989) and the Republic of Poland (1990–2018, i.e. up to the centenary of Poland’s regaining its independence after World War I). In the 20th century, Mazovia tended to be identified with the Warsaw Voivodeship. This is obviously a simplification (the historical Mazovia was described in the first part of the study, published in 2019); however, such an approach is logical due to the nature of the qualitative and quantitative information that was compiled and aggregated at the voivodeship level. The post-war Warsaw voivodeship was the “core” of Mazovia. This situation changed fundamentally after the 1975 reform which abolished large voivodeships and county-level units. As a result of the reform, the Warsaw Voivodeship was divided into nine small voivodeship-level units. One of them was the Warsaw’s Capital voivodeship. Large voivodeships were not restored until the 1998 reform. One of them is the current Mazovian Voivodeship.

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Model of election of the head of state of the Third Polish Republic – balancing between institutional coherence and political pragmatism

W kontekście 100-lecia niepodległości. Mazowsze i jego gospodarka: od Drugiej do Trzeciej Rzeczypospolitej. Część druga: Okres 1945–2018: Polska Ludowa i Trzecia Rzeczpospolita