Search results

1

Geopolitical position analysis of Transcarpathia with emphasis on period between 1918-1939

100%

Istok R., Novakowa S.

Przegląd Geopolityczny

|

2014

|

vol. 10

7-22

EN

Transcarpathia as a part of the Soviet Union lost its specific position. The Ukraine cultural influence and Rusyn specifics were in favour in the county, but they were pressed back. After the release of the totalitarian regime in the Soviet Union at the turn of the 80s and 90s there was an activation of several political groups,requiring the change of the area status. The initiative for the dissolution of a contract about the connection to the Soviet Union came into existence. The other group supported Transcarpathia's taking control over the Ukraine´s autonomy of the area. In December 1991, the referendum took place on the territory of Transcarpathia. A majority of voters expressed for reinforcement of the local autonomy. Part of the participants voted for separation from the Soviet Union (members of the Hungarian minority, respectively Rusyn Revival supporters).

2

Zagrożenia związane z separatyzmem na obszarze zakarpacia

80%

Zapałowski A.

Przegląd Geopolityczny

|

2017

|

vol. 20

9-27

PL

Sytuacja społeczna i gospodarcza Ukrainy, a zwłaszcza pauperyzacja społeczeństwa oraz pogłębiające się problemy budżetu, skłaniają do zwrócenia uwagi na te obszary państwa, które mogą generować zagrożenia dla Europy. Powiększa się rozdźwięk między obecną władzą a niektórymi środowiskami nacjonalistycznymi, posiadającymi dużą reprezentację w Radzie Najwyższej Ukrainy, co sprawia, iż należy podchodzić pesymistycznie od wdrożenia porozumienia „Mińsk II” w zakresie deeskalacji sytuacji w Donbasie. W związku z tym na Ukrainie można mówić o trwałym zagrożeniu destabilizacją. Występuje ono w szczególny sposób w wielu obszarach zachodniej części Ukrainy. Procesy separatystyczne mają miejsce w szczególności w regionie Zakarpacia, gdzie rozwija się ruch Rusinów karpackich i mniejszości węgierskiej. Ponadto regionem tym wstrząsają konflikty między silnymi grupami przestępczymi, związanymi z ukraińskimi nacjonalistami.

EN

The current social and economic situation of Ukraine, and especially the impoverishment of society and the growing problems of the budget, tend to pay attention to those areas of the state that can generate a threat to Europe. There is growing gap between the authorities and some nationalist circles, who have a large representation in the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. This situation makes it necessary to approach pessimistic about the implementation of the Agreement "Minsk II" in the field of de-escalation of the conflict in Donbas. Therefore, Ukraine can talk about a permanent threat of destabilization. It occurs in a special way in many areas of the western part of Ukraine. Separatist processes take place in particular in the Transcarpathian region. There is growing national Ruthenian movement toward autonomy, supported by the Hungarian minority. Moreover the region is experiencing sharp fighting between criminal organizations associated with Ukrainian nationalists.

3

Hypotheses of the Appearance of Rusins/Slavs in Transcarpathia (Transcarpathian Region)

80%

Mihok R.

Central European Papers

|

2013

|

vol. 1

|

issue 2

77-80

EN

To sum up, it can be stated that the ethnic group called Rusins settled down continuously in the territory of the present Transcarpathia from the 6th century. There were interruptions in the process and the amount of them changed several times. Apparently, they didn’t belong to the Eastern Slavs. This process was accelerated from the 14th century but from this time we have to speak about the Eastern Slavs.

4

Становлення русофільського та народовецького національно-культурних рухів у Закарпатті

70%

Стряпко І. С.

Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne

|

2015

|

issue 8

EN

The article researches a development of the national-cultural movements. The attention is paid to the development of Russophiles and its organizational center „Organization of Saint Vasyl the Great”. Author describes the discussion among Transcarpathian intellectuals regarding the use of Russian language. The refusal of Russophilism by the part of intellectuals led to the development of Narodovetskyy movement. The author explains this process as a stage before development of Ukrainophile movement.

5

Something Missing: Czech Society and Transcarpathia after 1989

70%

Zahradníček T.

Central European Papers

|

2017

|

vol. 5

|

issue 1

72–80

EN

The article studies the "afterlife" of the former Subcarpathia, the present-day Transcarpathia, within the Czech society after 1989. The discourse about the region was framed by the understanding of the Czech society of their revolution of 1989 primarily in terms of political and cultural return to the inter-war Masarykian Republic. It maps the different ways the Czech society coped with this deficit in its restoration endeavours in the early 1990s. Within the Czech public discourse uncritical conception of selfless and successful civilising mission in the East still prevails, based on a belief that local population gratefully accepted and now nostalgically longs for such input. For some time after 1989, the theme became one of the key components of Czech debates concerning the past, its neighbours and own identity within the integrating Europe.

6

Ethnicity, Labour and Mobility in the Contemporary Borderland. A Case Study of a Transcarpathian Township

70%

Jóźwiak I.

Central and Eastern European Migration Review

|

2014

|

vol. 3

|

issue 1

27-39

EN

The article explores the connections between social, political, economic and ethnic processes in the Ukrainian-Romanian borderland. The aim is to describe how borderlanders work out strategies to overcome the contradictions inherent in the state border. The study is based on ethnographical fieldwork (participant and non-participant observation) conducted in a small town, a former mining centre, in the region of Transcarpathia in Western Ukraine. I point to the political changes in the late 20th and early 21st centuries (the collapse of the Soviet bloc and Ukraine neighbours’ integration in the European Union) and their impact on local social life. The crucial aspect, linked to the town’s geographical setting, is the role of the state border, which changes in accordance with the political changes in the region and in Europe. First, the collapse of the communist dictatorships in Ukraine and Romania resulted in the opening of the border and an increase in cross-border contacts. However, in the first decade of the 21st century, Romania tightened its passport and visa regulations for Ukrainian citizens. Another factor is the complete disintegration of the mining industry and local labour market, resulting in significant changes in occupational patterns and a greater role of the border in respect of labour migration and shuttle trade. I also acknowledge local ethnic composition and argue that the use of ethno-national symbolism, languages, relations between ethnic minorities and their ‘external homelands’ constitute an inherent element of the strategies to overcome the lack of regular employment and poverty.

7

Za górami, za lasami... albo granica jak niewidzialny mur. Endemizm zakarpackiego odcinka pogranicza ukraińsko-polskiego

61%

Dębicki M.

Pogranicze. Studia Społeczne

|

2016

|

vol. 27 cz. 2

EN

The aim of the article is to introduce a neglected section of the Ukrainian-Polish borderland, Transcarpathia, within the area of the sociology of borderland. The author sheds some light on the ethnic, geographical and political peculiarity of this region, with special attention paid to its isolation from Poland, one of the oblast’s close neighbours. Apart from the relevant literature (rather poor), the article is based on the author’s own observations made in a few Transcarpathian villages in 2014 and 2015 as well as on their inhabitants’ opinions concerning the problems with opening up the border-crossing in Lubnya. The gist of the considerations is to show different shades of Transcarpathia’s isolation from Poland which results in the region’s inhabitants’ lack of contacts with Poles and lack of knowledge on Poland. Consequently, Lubnya and its Polish neighbour from over the mountains, Wołosate, being geographically very close, are socially and culturally quite distant, not to say – alien. The article concludes with a range theoretical conceptions that might be applied in order to understand better the reality of the Transcarpathian section of the Ukrainian-Polish borderland.

8

Релігійні чинники у процесі формування національної ідентичності населення українсько-польсько-чехословацького пограниччя (1918-1939) (на прикладі українців Східної Галичини та Закарпаття)

51%

Ruda O.

Wieki Stare i Nowe

|

2017

|

vol. 12

|

issue 17

128-144

PL

W artykule omówione zostały działania edukacyjne i wychowawcze Kościoła greckokatolickiego w Galicji Wschodniej i na Zakarpaciu. W latach międzywojennych czynnik religijny wciąż pozostawał jednym z kluczowych elementów kształtowania tożsamości narodowej Ukraińców. Zwłaszcza Kościół greckokatolicki odegrał znaczącą rolę w zachowaniu tożsamości narodowej i religijnej Ukraińców. Duchowieństwo greckokatolickie, głównie w Galicji Wschodniej, mniej na Zakarpaciu, było tą siłą napędową, która określała kierunek rozwoju ukraińskiego życia narodowego w zakresie politycznym. Kościół ten wywarł ogromny wpływ na rozwój kultury ukraińskiej i dziedzictwa narodowego, w latach 20. i 30. XX wieku pozostał ważnym czynnikiem konsolidacji i wsparcia duchowego w walce o państwowość ukraińską. Kościół greckokatolicki miał wielkie zasługi nie tylko dla rozwoju szkolnictwa świeckiego, lecz także aktywnie prowadził swoją działalność edukacyjną, naukową, kulturalną i charytatywną. Jego głównym zadaniem było kształcenie Ukraińców Zakarpacia i Galicji Wschodniej w duchu religijnym i narodowym.

EN

The article discusses the educational actions of the Greek Orthodox Church in Eastern Galicia and Transcarpathia. In the interwar period, the religious influence remained one of the key elements of national identity creation of the Ukrainians. In particular, the Greek Orthodox Church played an important role in the preservation of the national and religious identity of the Ukrainian people. The Orthodox clergy - particularly in Eastern Galicia, and to a lesser extent in Transcarpathia - constituted a powerful force in shaping the development of the Ukrainian political life. The Church exerted a significant influence on the development of Ukrainian culture and national heritage, and throughout the 1920s and 1930s, it remained an important factor in the unification and spiritual guidance in the fight for the Ukrainian independence. The Greek Orthodox Church was not only extremely important for the development of the secular system of schooling, but also actively took part in educational, scholarly, cultural and charity efforts. Its main mission was to educate the inhabitant of Transcarpathia and Eastern Galicia in the religious and national spirit.

9

SUBVERSIVE ACTIVITIES OF HUNGARIAN AND POLISH SABOTAGE GROUPS IN CARPATHIAN UKRAINE (1938–1939)

51%

Vehesh I., Vehesh M.

Міжнародні зв’язки України: наукові пошуки і знахідки

|

2022

|

issue 31

130-152

EN

The article, based on archival and published documents, attempts to highlight the international situation of the Czechoslovak Republic and Transcarpathia on the eve of World War II. It proves that Hungary, throughout the interwar period, pursued an aggressive irredentist policy aimed at destabilizing Czechoslovakia and returning “its original territories”. This revanchist activity culminated in 1938-1939, when the Hungarian government sent diversion groups to Carpathian Ukraine, trying to destabilize the domestic political situation in the region. A similar subversive operation was carried out by Poland, which sought to establish a common Hungarian-Polish border by completely eliminating Czechoslovakia. The authors argue that a “hybrid war” was waged against young Carpathian Ukraine and in mid-March 1939 it escalated into open intervention and occupation of the entire territory of the region. A. Voloshyn’s government together with the Czechoslovak troops made a lot of efforts to protect the settlements of Carpathian Ukraine from the destructive actions of enemy saboteurs. The formed divisions of the Carpathian Sich and the Ukrainian gendarmerie were involved in the defense of the borders. Some parallels can be drawn with the events of 2014 in Ukraine, when Russian troops annexed Crimea and occupied part of Donetsk and Luhansk regions. In 1938-1939, the governments of Hungary and Poland assured the world community that their troops did not exist in Transcarpathia. Similar is the position of the leadership of the Russian Federation concerning the events of 2014-2021 in Ukraine

10

Exerting the Principle of Collective Guilt against the Transcarpathian Hungarians and Germans (Carrying into Effect the Decisions of the Military Council of the 4thUkrainian Front in the Light of the NKVD1 Reports)

51%

Dupka G.

Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, European and Regional Studies

|

2015

|

vol. 7

|

issue 1

17-29

EN

In his paper, Gyorgy Dupka deals with the tragic fate of the Transcarpathian Hungarians and Germans deported for ‘a three-day labour’ in the period of 1944-1946. During the past twenty years, he succeeded in collecting and, in some measure, publicizing sufficient archival materials to open up the facts of the anomies committed by the Soviet military authorities in the fall of 1944 and at the beginning of 1945. All these facts are supported by cogent data and concrete names of the perpetrators. In his paper, the author shows primarily how in the light of the reports conceived by the NKVD and other Soviet central military administrations Order 0036 of the Military Council of the 4th Ukrainian Front was carried into effect.

11

SPREADING REFORMATION IN EASTERN SLOVAKIA IN THE 16th CENTURY AND ITS IMPACT ON TRANSCARPATHIA’S SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE

41%

Borys I.

Міжнародні зв’язки України: наукові пошуки і знахідки

|

2019

|

issue 28

27-44

EN

The article highlights the issue of dissemination of the religious, social and political movement widely known as the process of European Reformation on the territory of Eastern Slovakia. In particular, the author traces back the process of adopting legal religious principles and the attempts to achieve top-level systematization of spiritual life management. Actually, Reformation penetrated into the territory of Slovakia in the early 1520s. Along with the changes in social and political life occurring in Slovakian lands, there were changes in cultural and religious life of the country as well. Throughout the 16th century new religious movements referring directly to the European Reformation spread all over the territory of Slovakia. It is common knowledge that the Reformation processes led to division of the Roman Catholic Church and formation of new religious doctrines. They were manifested to different extents of efficiency practically in all the countries of the Catholic world. Establishment of new religious principles had a significant impact on the position of the church as a big landowner as well as a component of the feudal system, affecting the role of the Catholicism as a major ideological power. Throughout the 16th century Reformation appeared in the form of widespread religious, social and political movements demanding to reform the Catholic Church and radically change its conventional dogmata and practices, which had been ingrained for years. At the end of the century practically all over the territory of the Eastern Slovakia there were organized Seniorates and appeared the first attempts to systematize spiritual life management at top level. The first attempts to spread new religious movements were supported by the population of most eastern Slovakian cities, which was to a certain extent, an impetus to further development of the Reformation movement. While Slovaks and Germans longed for the Lutheran form of the Reformation, Hungarian residents were inclined to adopt Calvinism and Anabaptism. Thus, crystallization of Reformation was gradually building up and strengthening its position. The process mentioned above influenced the lands which are nowadays a part of Transcarpathian region of Ukraine. As Transcarpathia is located in the immediate vicinity of Slovakia, it is reasonable to examine the experience and impact of the process of Slovakian Reformation on the Transcarpathian realia of those days.

12

Jasina – cerkiew Strukowska z Listy UNESCO na tle innych świątyń huculskich

41%

Witkowski W.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

2015

|

issue 2

7-39

EN

In 2013, the tserkva dedicated to the Ascension, and traditionally called the Strukivska tserkva, in Yasinia, in the district of Rakhiv, in the Transcarpathian area, in the Hutsul Lands, was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, together with fifteen other wooden tserkvas in Polish and Ukrainian Carpathian region. Due to his long-lasting supervision over inventory measurements of the Hutsul folk architecture and wooden sacred architecture in the Hutsul Lands and in the Pokuttya region, the author makes a detailed presentation of this temple, which is known in Poland mainly in tourist and sightseeing circles, and compares it with other Hutsul tserkvas with similar plan characteristics. The article contains presentation of the history of this tserkva, which was built in 1824. Its traditional name is supposed to originate from the surname of a Hutsul shepherd, Ivan Struk, who probably founded it as a votive offering for a miraculous rescue of a flock of sheep in winter, which is a theme of a legend that is popular in this part of the Hutsul Lands. On the basis of the field studies that – among others – resulted in making measurement documentation by architecture students from the Lodz University of Technology, under the supervision of the author, there are discussed characteristics of the log construction, with consideration given to the use of squared timber, corners with dovetail joints and cut endings of logs, which is common among others in wooden sacred architecture in the Transcarpathian area, but more seldom in the Galician Hutsul Lands. The temple has no choir gallery over the vestibule for women, which is atypical in Hutsul tserkvas, yet here it is a result of very small sizes of the object. In the tserkva there has been preserved a valuable baroque iconostasis, unfortunately with icons that have been painted on the former paintings recently. A high artistic value is represented by a few other elements of the decor: single icons, processional crosses and banners. Another interesting element is a severe decoration of wooden construction arches at the junction of nave square and side arms, with the characteristic wooden volutes, which is unique for the Hutsul Lands but known for example in the Podhale region. It is one of the two tserkvas of the Hutsul type situated on the South of the Carpathian arch. Other wooden tserkvas in this area belong to totally different types of spatial forms, which are not related to the Hutsul Lands. Due to its plan and shape the one-dome Strukivska tserkva may be classified to the group of a dozen or so recognised wooden temples mainly from the Galician Hutsul Lands and the Pokuttya region that are based on a spatial pattern of a central building on the Greek cross plan, which is composed of five squares, with the middle one being bigger than the remaining ones. This group may comprise both elder (the end of the 18th c. – the beginning of the 19th c.) traditional one-dome Hutsul tserkvas, such as: Deliatyn (1785, extended in 1894, 1902, 1911- -1912), Velyka Kam’yanka (1794), Zelena, the district of Nadvirna (1796, later extended), Zhabye Slupeyka (about 1800, extended in 1850, does not exist), Dora (1823, extended in 1844), Lojeva (1835), Bili Oslavy (called the lower one, 1835), and fivedome objects from the 2nd half of the 19th c.: Tlumachyk (1852, does not exist), Knyazhdvir (1864, does not exist), and Havrylivka (1862, not examined by the author yet), and also the threedome tserkva in Hvizdets (1855), in which the side arms are narrower (rectangular, not square). Whereas, three temples from the parish of Mykulychyn, designed by professionals: Mykulychyn (1868, designed by the architect J. Czajkowski), Tatariv (1912, designed by the architect Franciszek Mączyński from Cracow, polychromes made by the painter Karol Maszkowski, also from Cracow) and Polyanytsya Popovichivska (1912, does not exist), the so called new tserkva in Vorokhta (the 30s of the 20th c.), the tserkva in Zarichchya (1943, designed by the architect Lev Levyns’kyi), are creative interpretations of the original pattern. The two latter ones may be classified simultaneously to a large group of tserkvas in the national Ukrainian style. Similar characteristics are probably to be found in the tserkva in Tysmyenichany (1865), not examined by the author yet. A few tserkvas were extended from the classic three-part plan to the ‘cross’ plan with an enlarged nave square by means of adding side arms; for example: Krasne, the district of Rozhniativ, earlier the county of Kalush (about 1840, extended, 1899 rebuilt) and Chornyi Potik, (the 19th c?). The Strukivska tserkva is decidedly the smallest one in the discussed group (side of the nave log construction is about 5 metres long), which may be explained by the fact that it was a private, peasant foundation. Tserkvas that belong to the pattern described above are situated in a quite compact group in a relatively small geographical area, which may be basically associated mainly with the upper Pruth valley from Vorokhta to Zabolotiv. Some of them are located by roadsides that lead to major tracts or to the Pruth valley. The river and trade routes at its banks contributed to spreading of the pattern, yet it did not spread beyond these tracts. Maybe, in the course of some further studies in the areas of Pokuttya, at the North of the Pruth river, which have been less explored yet, it will happen to find some other examples of objects with the same original plan. The pattern of the tserkva at the Greek cross plan with enlarged nave square was present (though very rare) not only in other regions of former Galicia, but also in Northern, middle, and Eastern lands of Ukraine. However, tserkvas of this type did not exist in a compact group in such a small area as in the discussed region of the Hutsul Lands and Pokuttya. Due to its morphology the group described as the cruciform tserkvas with enlarged nave square presents a set that may be distinguished from the remaining types of wooden temples in the Hutsul Lands and Pokuttya, and may be referred to as Western or – to be more precise – North-Western type the Hutsul wooden tserkva with two variants and older and younger variations. It is not only the fact of identical scheme of groundfloor plan and similar sizes that is significant here, but also the time when the temples were built (the end of the 18th c. – the beginning of the 2nd half of the 19th c.). An additional fact that in this area there were built a few other tserkvas the forms of which present an interpretation of the original pattern indicates that the pattern was so marked in the described area that it was also observed by professionals, who as early as in the 2nd half of the 19th c. and the beginning of the 20th c. wanted to respect consciously the local building traditions, which presented an inspiration for them. The Strukivska tserkva in Yasinia constitutes a very important element in this interesting group of temples. It is an ‘import’ of the pattern of ‘cruciform’ tserkva from the Galician Hutsul Lands to the Transcarpathians. It was built at the same time when the model of ‘cruciform’ tserkvas with enlarged nave square was spreading to the North from the main Carpathian arch. It represents a high level of building technique, with some distinct features that were characteristic of the area. It has been preserved in a relatively pure form, not ‘spoiled’ (as some other Hutsul tserkvas) with extending, rebuilding, or changing materials for covering walls and roofs. At present, it does not demand any important conservatory works. The inscription of this tserkva on the UNESCO World Heritage List seems thoroughly justified. In the group of eight Ukrainian wooden tserkvas that are inscribed on the List, as many as two come from the Hutsul Lands and Pokuttya, which is a clear evidence for the role of this region for the Ukrainian culture. Translated by Joanna Witkowska

Refine search results

Geopolitical position analysis of Transcarpathia with emphasis on period between 1918-1939

Zagrożenia związane z separatyzmem na obszarze zakarpacia

Hypotheses of the Appearance of Rusins/Slavs in Transcarpathia (Transcarpathian Region)

Становлення русофільського та народовецького національно-культурних рухів у Закарпатті

Something Missing: Czech Society and Transcarpathia after 1989

Ethnicity, Labour and Mobility in the Contemporary Borderland. A Case Study of a Transcarpathian Township

Za górami, za lasami... albo granica jak niewidzialny mur. Endemizm zakarpackiego odcinka pogranicza ukraińsko-polskiego

SUBVERSIVE ACTIVITIES OF HUNGARIAN AND POLISH SABOTAGE GROUPS IN CARPATHIAN UKRAINE (1938–1939)

Exerting the Principle of Collective Guilt against the Transcarpathian Hungarians and Germans (Carrying into Effect the Decisions of the Military Council of the 4thUkrainian Front in the Light of the NKVD1 Reports)

SPREADING REFORMATION IN EASTERN SLOVAKIA IN THE 16th CENTURY AND ITS IMPACT ON TRANSCARPATHIA’S SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE

Jasina – cerkiew Strukowska z Listy UNESCO na tle innych świątyń huculskich