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PL
Celem opracowania jest przedstawienie historii idei Wielkich Węgier jako elementu węgierskiego nacjonalizmu i wskazanie jej geopolitycznego znaczenia. Sformułowano ją w XVI wieku i od tej pory wpływała ona na kształt węgierskiej polityki. Początkowo nie miała ona charakteru nacjonalistycznego, ale zmieniło się to w wieku XIX, a zwłaszcza po traktacie w Trianon, kiedy stała się podbudową węgierskich dążeń niepodległościowych i wyrazem sprzeciwu wobec postanowień tegoż traktatu. W artykule wyjaśniono jak idea Wielkich Węgier przetrwała okres komunizmu i odrodziła się w latach 90-tych ubiegłego wieku. Chociaż nie ma ona już charakteru politycznego, wywiera bardzo duży wpływ na węgierski patriotyzm narodowy i tendencje irredentystyczne. Chociaż nie jest ona elementem programu politycznego, jest głęboko zakorzeniona w zbiorowej świadomości Węgrów, wpływając na postrzeganie Węgier i ich pozycję geopolityczną.
EN
The aim of the study is to present the history of the idea of Great Hungary as an element of Hungarian nationalism, and to indicate its geopolitical significance. It was formulated in the sixteenth century and from that time it influenced the shape of Hungarian politics. Initially, it did not have a nationalist character, but it changed in the nineteenth century, especially after the Treaty of Trianon, when it became the foundation of Hungarian independence aspirations and the expression of opposition to the provisions of this treaty. The article explains how the idea of Great Hungary survived the communist period and was reborn in the 90s of the last century. Although it is no longer political in nature, it has a great influence on Hungarian national patriotism and irredentist tendencies. Although it is not part of the political program, it is deeply rooted in the collective consciousness of Hungarians, affecting the perception of Hungary and their geopolitical position.
Central European Papers
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2014
|
vol. 2
|
issue 2
95-107
EN
The question of WWI aims of the Kingdom of Hungary, constituting a distinct State within the Habsburg Monarchy, remains almost unexplored. This paper tries to reduce this gap. First, it synthesizes the main features of Hungarian expansionist projects in 1914–1918. Second, it emphasizes the importance of war-time separatist scenarios, intending to ensure the territorial integrity of Hungary. This way, the Hungarian strategic thought during the war appears to have constantly balanced between perspectives of territorial enlargement (in case of a victory of Central Powers) and independence (in case of the Entente's success). Both alternatives had a common goal – to maximally secure the political freedom and territories of Hungary. The paper is based on the analysis and synthesis of available sources in Hungarian, Slovak, English, French and Russian (relevant historiography, published and archives documentation and memoirs).
Central European Papers
|
2014
|
vol. 2
|
issue 2
164-178
EN
The First World War brought total economic exhaustion to the Central-European region. It caused problems in the workforce, and finances. Together with inflation, it emerged in the form of a serious government debt. The agricultural balance of the world was lost, as well as the system of financial gold standard. In this, new, Central-European region, the typical form of existence was the economy of self-supply, and the policy of seclusion. After the dissolution of the great economic unity, the national assets became the possession of the former member states of the Monarchy; however, in numerous cases it gave grounds for quarrels and complaints. Among these, in this study, I concentrated on the cases of options, pension provisions and old crown accounts.
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