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EN
The article reviews the cultural and axiological image of the North African country of Tunisia in the autodocumentary and literary fiction of the “first wave” Russian emigrants. On the basis of memoirs by Vladimir Berg, Nikolai Knorring, Irina Knorring, and Roman Gul’s essays on the Civil War dedicated to their stay in Tunis, the author describes the main motives of the immigrants’ perception of Africa and highlights their dichotomous characteristics (dream – reality, desolation – home, restraint – freedom). This image includes both Old Testament allusions to exile/exodus and schematic representations of the outlying continent; it actualizes the theme of Russia as the lost home. For some authors, Tunisia became a “Russian corner”, where their service to a future Russia took place, a place of awareness of the loss of their homeland. For others, it became a constraining bondage, an “unfreedom”, a place of alienation leading to the loss of meaning of life.
EN
The Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area agreements (DCFTA) are an instrument for implementing the European Neighbourhood Policy adopted in 2004. Their main goal is to enhance a wider integration of the countries of the Southern and Eastern Partnership into the Community market in order to strengthen stability, security and prosperity of the associated countries. Thus, the DCFTA goes beyond the framework of the Association Agreements concluded in the 1990s. They offer broader cooperation beyond the Free Trade Area for industrial goods and promote regulatory harmonisation in areas that affect trade, especially sanitary and phytosanitary regulations, customs and border procedures, competition and public procurement regulations. Negotiations for an agreement with Tunisia began in 2016 and have not been concluded to this day. The proposed agreement raises a lot of controversy about both the scope and the negotiating practices of the stronger partner. Based on content analysis, including media discourse, systemic, economic and legal analysis, three research questions were formulated: (1) Is the adopted model of trade liberalisation in the form of a free trade area beneficial to the Tunisian economy in the long term?; (2) Are asymmetry and differentiation in approach – the solutions adopted in the DCFTA - individualistic tailor-made solutions that sufficiently protect the weaker Tunisian economy?; (3) Does the EU use pressure methods and cautious approach in negotiations to model relations with the countries around it? The answers to these questions will help to confirm the hypothesis that the DCFTA is an asymmetric free trade agreement whose model, projected results and adopted tactics do not serve the interests of Tunisia.
3
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The Surprising Revolution

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EN
Tunisian revolution was surprise for all actors. Authoritarian president Ben Ali had never thought about any possibility that his presidentship would end before his death. At the beginning people at streets could neither imagine that their movement nor change a state system. Western countries and institutions considered Ben Ali an ally because of war on terror/illegal immigration and secular tendencies. A/m article tried to show origin of revolution and its chronology. Huge corruption, weak economy and bad social system which were not able take care of new persons on labour market caused intensive tensions in society. We were able to see many actors and their examples of hopeless conducts. These sacrifices, esp. case of Mohammed Buazizi, were truly ignition spark of whole process.
EN
The work of At-Tunusi resulted from the Tunisian experience within the Ottoman Empire and was supposed to explain his reformatory thoughts on the political and social situation of his motherland and the whole world of Islam, based on the conviction that the system of power indeed offers a key to solve its main problems.The solution consists in imitating the West while simultaneously protecting the roots and the national values of Arab and Muslim states. At-Tunusī distinguished himself from other initiators of changes in the world of Islam in the 19th century by the fact that he combined in a unique way two different kinds of activity – that of a reformer and that of a politician who realized in practice the ideas he had developed in theory.
EN
Polish tourists who decide to spend a holiday in various countries can be classified as ‘institutionalised’ tourists. They mostly choose tourist packages proposed by tour operators and their quality is one of the determinants of purchase. Although there have been many attempts at assessing the quality of single tourism services/products, no consistent methods for evaluation of the quality of services in a tourist package have been developed so far. Therefore, the present study proposes a subjective consumerbased research procedure to assess the quality of such a package. The procedure was prepared based on the example of an assessment of Tunisia tourist packages chosen by Polish tourists. The study procedure included the assumptions and principles of the SERVPERF method as well as a diagnostic survey and the use of descriptive statistics. The results are a starting point for formulating recommendations for tour operators offering Polish tourists basic packages in Tunisia.
RU
В статье представлен обзор литературно-публицистического насле-дия эмигрантов Туниса, представляющего «африканскую» страницу эмигрантской летописи русского зарубежья. На примере бизертинского цикла стихов поэтессы И. Кнорринг, историко-литературного наследия Н. Монастырева, А. Зернина, мему-арных воспоминаний М. Ардатова, В. фон Берга, Н. Кнорринга, А. Ширинской и публикаций в периодической печати показан богатый диапазон тем и художествен-ных образов (история Российского флота, утрата Родины, поиск себя в изгнании, жизнь диаспоры на чужбине и т.д.). Единый для всех авторов хронотоп Русского исхода и Бизерты как последней стоянки Русской эскадры получает индивидуаль-но-авторское семиотическое осмысление и наполнение и отражает уникальное взаимодействие подлинности и мифологизации действительности в пространстве эмигрантского текста. Литературно-публицистическое наследие русской диаспоры Туниса, несомненно, входит в единую летопись русской эмиграции и представляет золотые страницы книги Зарубежная Русь.
EN
This article presents an overview of the literary and publicistic heritage of emigrants in Tunisia introducing the “African” page of the expat chronicle of the Russian community. Through the example of the Bizertine cycle of poems by the poetess I. Knor-ring, the historical and literary body of the work of N. Monastyrev, A. Sernin, memoirs by M. Ardatov, V. von Berg, N. Knorring, A. Shirinskaya and publications in the periodical press we suggest a rich range of topics and imageries (history of the Russian f leet, loss of the Homeland, search in exile, diaspora life in the foreign land, etc.). The authors of the chronotope of the Russian exodus, and Bizerta as the last port of the Russian Squadron, meet individually authorial semiotic comprehension and interpenetration which ref lects the unique interaction of authenticity and mythologisation of reality in the space of the emigrant text.
EN
In the recent 40 years, around 90 countries have tried – with more or less success – to move away from their autocratic past and to follow the path to democracy. In 201, quite unexpectedly, such a chance arose for West African countries, including Egypt and Tunisia. The author presents the democratic constitutional drafting which is most desirable for those countries, Muslim and Arabic at the same time. For this purpose he also examines the structural factors, including the Sunni Islam, the level of respect for the rule of law, economic situation and the state of political elites. Nevertheless, the author focuses his attention on the model of democratic transition in both countries, including the starting point and the course of transition.
PL
In April 1464 Borso d’Este, Lord of Ferrara, sent two of his servants to Tunis in order to purchase prized horses, giving precise instructions for offering his regards and presenting his gifts to the ruler of Tunis. The letter that the Marquis entrusts to his two servants is a mine of information, because Borso leaves nothing to chance. His instructions cover every aspect of the ambassadorial visit: when to show the gifts, how and in what order to show them, the speech to be given. Many of the instructions given to ambassadors by their governments are yet to be investigated: how much room for manoeuvre did they leave in achieving the objectives of the mission, for example? In the case of the Marquis of Ferrara, Borso intends to exhibit his kingship through the staging of the presentation of his gifts, and through the posture, the gestures and the words of his representatives. The analysis of his letter can offer an interpretative guide for examining the appearances and public celebrations organized by Borso during his rule, which took place in an age of great experimentation.
EN
Tunisia is the only country of the Middle East and North Africa Region which has chosen the democratic transformation to follow the Arab Spring uprisings. Under the prevailing transitology theories, the democratization proceeds in two major phases. The first one leads to the overthrow of the authoritarian regime and “installation of a democratic government”, while the second one consists of the consolidation of democracy. One of the dominant factors which facilitate the establishment of democracy is the consensual attitude of the political elites. The paper aims to study the phenomenon of the above mentioned stages of Tunisian democratization process. Subsequently, the author attempts to prove that the political consensus of the elites is at the same time a driving force and serves as a model for democratic change to be made.
PL
Tunezja jako jedyne państwo obszaru Afryki Północnej i Bliskiego Wschodu obrała drogę transformacji demokratycznej w następstwie wydarzeń rewolucyjnych tzw. arabskiej wiosny. W świetle dominujących w naukach o polityce teorii transformacji proces „przejścia demokratycznego” odbywa się w dwóch fazach. W pierwszej z nich dochodzi do obalenia autorytarnego reżimu i ustanowienia demokracji, w drugiej kolejności następuje jej konsolidacja. Jednym z czynników dominujących, ułatwiających ustanowienie demokracji, jest konsensualna postawa elit politycznych. Celem artykułu jest próba uchwycenia zjawiska budowy demokracji tunezyjskiej w świetle powyższych stadiów. W dalszej kolejności wykazane zostanie, że zasadniczą przesłanką ułatwiającą transformację demokratyczną i zarazem modelem, w którym dokonuje się zmiana, jest konsens polityczny w procesie ustanawiania instytucji i prawa Tunezji.
EN
Linkages between the CAP and food security in developing countries. Food security in southern and eastern Mediterranean countries: a critical analysis. CAP and food security in SEMCs: foucus on Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia.
EN
Until 1870 the French-Italian relations were not free from severe strains. It is acknowledged that both French and Italian diplomacies were steered by Berlin, however, this seems to be a simplification. The point of this article is to present a certain autonomy of French-Italian diplomacy even before the fall of Bismarck in 1890 and to draw attention to the stereotypes of these two Latin countries which were present in the press of those times. Translated by Julitta Rydlewska 
PL
Stosunki francusko-włoskie do 1870 nie były wolne od poważnych napięć. Przyjęła się opinia, że dyplomacja francuska i włoska były kierowane przez Berlin, co wydaje sie jednak pewnym uproszczeniem. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie pewnej autonomii dyplomacji francusko-włoskiej nawet przed upadkiem Bismarcka w 1890 r.  oraz  zwrócenie uwagi na funkcjonujące w prasie tego okresu stereotypy dotyczące obydwu romańskich krajów.
IT
Le relazioni italo-francesi dal 1870 fino alla Triplice Alleanza non furono prive delle tensioni quasi permanenti.È ancora oggi ammesso che le diplomazie dei due paesi latini furono dirette da Berlino il ciò sembra una certa semplificazione .Lo scopo di questo articolo  sarebbe sottolineare una certa autonomia della diplomazia franco-italiana ancora prima la caduta politica  di Bismarck  nel 1890.
EN
The article describes and analyses the changes in Tunisian French vocabulary that were brought about by the Coronavirus pandemic. The common language borrows lexical units from academic language and foreign languages, particularly from English language. It can be observed that the usage frequency of commonly seldom used expressions is growing as well as the number of occasionalisms. However, there are far fewer units borrowed from academic and from English language in Tunisian French than in French used in France. The number of occasionalisms is also significantly smaller.
PL
Autorka przedmiotem badań uczyniła działalność polonijnej organizacji, działającej współcześnie w Tunezji. Artykuł zawiera wstępne wyniki krótkich badań, prowadzonych w latach 2018-2019 w Tunisie i Susie. Oba pobyty autorka spędziła pośród Polek, działających na rzecz upowszechniania w Tunezji kultury i języka polskiego. Podczas pierwszego pobytu prowadziła ona obserwację ich poczynań i uczestniczyła w odbywających się uroczystościach związanych z obchodami 2 i 3 maja. Rok później przeprowadziła badania (ankiety, rozmowy, obserwacje) związane z działalnością Stowarzyszenia „Dom Polski” w Tunezji oraz Szkoły Polskiej przy Ambasadzie Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w Tunisie. Celem rozważań jest próba określenia miejsca, jakie w życiu Polek zamieszkujących w Tunezji i skupionych wokół „Domu Polskiego” pełni ta organizacja. Przedmiotem badań było samo stowarzyszenie oraz jego działania, ale także motywacje osób, które uczestniczą w jego życiu. Autorka swoje rozważania konkluduje stwierdzeniem, że „Dom Polski” w Tunezji jest nie tylko stowarzyszeniem promującym polską kulturę na terenie Tunezji, ale także instytucją integrującą miejscową Polonię, działającą na rzecz wspólnoty i podtrzymywania ścisłego kontaktu z krajem.
EN
The author made the activity of a Polish organization operating in Tunisia today the subject of the research. This article provides preliminary results from a short 2018/19 study conducted by her in Tunis and Sousse. She spent both stays among Polish women working to promote Polish culture and language in Tunisia. During her first stay, she observed their actions and participated in the ceremonies related to the celebration of May 2nd and 3rd. A year later, she conducted research (surveys, interviews, observations) related to the activities of the “Polish House” Association in Tunisia and the Polish School at the Polish Embassy in Tunis. The aim of the considerations is an attempt to define the place that this organization plays in the lives of Polish women living in Tunisia and gathered around the “Polish House”. The subject of the research was the association itself and its activities as well as the motivations of people who participate in its life. The author of the discussion concludes with the statement that the Polish House in Tunisia is not only an association promoting Polish culture in Tunisia but also an institution integrating the local Polish community, acting for the benefit of the community and maintaining close contact with the country.
PL
W ciągu ostatnich pięciu lat Tunezja była przedstawiana głównie jako przykład udanej transformacji politycznej. W 2014 roku została przyjęta nowa konstytucja, w oparciu o którą przeprowadzono wybory prezydenckie i parlamentarne. Co więcej, Kwartet na rzecz Dialogu Narodowego, który pomógł zakończyć kryzys polityczny w 2013 roku, został laureatem Pokojowej Nagrody Nobla. Patrząc z perspektywy reform instytucjonalnych oraz zdolności różnych grup do zawierania kompromisu, możemy niewątpliwie skonkludować, że transformacja polityczna w Tunezji okazała się sukcesem. Obraz ten staje się jednak mniej jednoznaczny, jeśli weźmie się pod uwagę wpływ czynników ekonomicznych na rozwój demokracji, szczególnie w kontekście zamachów terrorystycznych oraz społecznych protestów, do których dochodziło w porewolucyjnej Tunezji. Celem artykułu jest udzielenie odpowiedzi na pytania, w jakim stopniu kryzysy ekonomiczne mogą zablokować procesy demokratycznej konsolidacji i czego Tunezja może się nauczyć z doświadczeń Hiszpanii okresu transformacji politycznej.
EN
In the last fi ve years Tunisia has been presented mostly as a success story of political transition. It managed to adopt a new constitution and to conduct the parliamentary and presidential elections in 2014. Finally, civil society groups, which helped to end the political crisis in 2013, won the Nobel peace prize. If we look from the institutional perspective and the ability of political groups to compromise, indeed we can say that Tunisia is a success story. Th e picture is more bleak, however, if we try to assess the infl uence of economic factors on the development of Tunisian democracy, especially in light of recent terrorist attacks and social protests. Th e aim of the article is to answer the questions, to what extent economic crisis can inhibit democratic consolidation in Tunisia and what Tunisia can learn from the Spanish experience of political transition.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy systemu rządów ustanowionego w Konstytucji Tunezji z 25 lipca 2022 r. Autor zwraca uwagę, że zarówno sam ten akt prawny, jak i proces jego stanowienia winien być postrzegany jako przejaw przyspieszonego odejścia od demokratycznych mechanizmów i standardów. Proces autokratyzacji został zapoczątkowany za prezydentury Kaïsa Saïeda, choć już wcześniej występowały na tym polu negatywne symptomy. Doprowadziło to do zagwarantowania w konstytucji z 2022 r. dominacji prezydenckiej nad rządem i parlamentem, ponieważ pozycja szefa państwa została znacząco wzmocniona w porównaniu z tym, co wynikało z poprzedniej ustawy zasadniczej (ona została przyjęta w 2014 r., w następstwie Arabskiej Wiosny). Autor argumentuje, że ze względu na brak równowagi władz, konstytucyjny system rządów w Tunezji odpowiada bardziej założeniom niedemokratycznego hiperprezydencjalizmu niż typowego modelu prezydenckiego.
EN
The paper deals with the system of government that was established in the Constitution of Tunisia of July 25, 2022. The author points out that both this legal act and the accompanying constitution-making process should be seen as the result of the rapid departure from democratic mechanisms and standards. The autocratization process was launched during the presidency of Kaïs Saïed, although negative tendencies in this field had already occurred earlier. This led to the 2022 Constitution guaranteeing presidential dominance over the government and parliament, as the position of the head of state was significantly strengthened compared to the previous basic law (it was adopted in 2014, in the aftermath of the Arab Spring). The author argues that due to the imbalance of power, the constitutional system of government in Tunisia corresponds more to the assumptions of undemocratic hyper-presidentialism than the typical presidential model.
EN
In her article, Anna Barska presents various strategies used by social actors to manifest their desire to speak, to break taboos and to make sense of their presence in the city. The places represented, the time, the themes and the creator(s) are a form of message and communication. The examples Barska discusses, i.e., Algiers, Oran, Tunis and Djerba, are helpful in understanding the complexity of the socio-cultural and political life in the Maghreb.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia różnorodne strategie manifestowania chęci do mówienia, przełamywania tabu i próby nadawania sensu swojej obecności w mieście jako aktora społecznego. Prezentowane miejsca, czas, tematyka i twórca/y stanowią formę przekazu i komunikacji. Omawiane przykłady Algieru, Oranu, Tunisu czy Dżerby pozwalają zrozumieć złożoność życia społeczno-kulturowego i politycznego w Maghrebie. 
EN
In the article, in the context of the recognition of socio-cultural determinants of gender history and critical analysis of foreign studies by the author, an attempt was made to generalize the evolution of the position of women in Tunisia in the 20th and early 21st centuries. It is the Tunisian version of solving the problem of women’s emancipation that most modern researchers consider as the most successful example for the Islamic world. The views of well-known feminists and representatives of the Islamic world regarding actualization of the problem are presented. The influence of the French authorities on the manifestations of the ideas of Western feminism, as well as the influence of Islamic reformists on the problems of women’s education and women’s participation in social and political life, is shown. In the course of the research, the author substantiates the following conclusions, namely: during the century, the social evolution of Tunisian society was determined by the process of adaptation and change of traditional socio-cultural foundations to new historical conditions. The established secular regime, after the proclamation of the Republic, for a decade was under pressure from the Islamic opposition, which initially existed in a cultural and educational form, and in the last decade of the 20th century took shape as a political one. The history of the last decade of the Republic shows that socio-cultural traditions have become the most important mechanism for the formation of intellectual and political values that contribute to national unity. This process determined both the nature and the stages of the women’s movement, which was formed during the period of the national liberation struggle, being its component. After the declaration of independence, Tunisian women de jure received political and social rights. There was a process of organizational design of the women’s movement, but this movement experienced decades of paternalistic control during the rule of Habib Bourguiba. A qualitatively new stage is associated with the presidency of Ben Ali and his politics: from “managed democracy” to a totalitarian regime, which led to the formation of a female political opposition. As mentioned above, the events of the 2010s opened perspectives in the issues of overcoming gender asymmetry.
UK
У статті, у контексті визнання соціокультурних детермінантів ґендерної історії та критичного аналізу зарубіжних досліджень автором, було зроблено спробу узагальненої характеристики еволюції становища жінок у Тунісі у ХХ – початку ХХІ ст. Саме туніський варіант вирішення проблеми емансипації жінок більшість сучасних дослідників розглядають як найвдаліший приклад для ісламського світу. Представлено погляди як відомих феміністок так і представниць ісламського світу щодо актуалізації проблеми. Показано вплив французської влади на прояви ідей західного фемінізму, а такжо вплив ісламських реформістів на проблеми жіночої освіти та участі жінок у суспільно-політичному житті. Під час дослідження автором обґрунтовуються наступні висновки, а саме: протягом століття соціальна еволюція туніського суспільства детермінувалася процесом адаптації та зміни традиційних соціокультурних засад до нових історичних умов. Світський режим, що встановився, після проголошення Республіки протягом десятиліття зазнавав тиску з боку ісламської опозиції, яка спочатку існувала в культурно-просвітницькій формі, а в останнє десятиліття ХХ століття оформилося як політичне. Історія останнього десятиліття Республіки свідчить про те, що соціокультурні традиції стали найважливішим механізмом формування інтелектуальних та політичних цінностей, що сприяють національній єдності. Цей процес визначив як характер, так і етапи жіночого руху, що пройшло становлення в період національно-визвольної боротьби, будучи його складовою. Після проголошення незалежності туніські жінки де-юре отримали політичні та соціальні права. Відбувся процес організаційного оформлення жіночого руху, проте цей рух відчував на собі десятиліття патерналістського контролю під час правління Хабіба Бургіби. Якісно новий етап пов’язаний із президентством Бен Алі та його політикою: від «керованої демократії» до тоталітарного режиму, що призвело до формування жіночої політичної опозиції. Як зазначалося вище, події 2010-х рр. відкрили перспективи у питаннях подолання ґендерної асиметрії.
EN
The Arab Spring led to a major transformation of political systems of the region’s most countries; an increase in the significance of radical Islam in the political life; a degradation of the security environment. In addi­tion, changes in the region’s economy cannot be overlooked. The events connected with the Arab Spring gave the Russian Federation completely new challenges. The country has to yet again define the character of its relations with Muslim countries and adapt its foreign policy to the new post-revolutionary reality. The Arab Spring also represents a challenge for Russia in its internal affairs.
|
2020
|
vol. 19
|
issue 2
109-112
EN
The review concerns a monograph on the transformation of Islamic movements in Egypt and Tunisia and their politicization, in particular after the Arab revolutions („Arab Spring"). The monograph presents an interdisciplinary approach to the discussed issues, but concentrates in particular on the achievements of social movement studies as well as studies of political Islam. The strength of the reviewed publication is also the analysis of the material obtained by the author during field research and interviews with the leaders of the Islamic movements and experts in the field of political Islam. Thanks to numerous fragments of interviews quoted in the book, as well as the publication of some of them selected in full, it aspires to enter the canon of publications about Islamism and broadly speaking policies in the Middle East and North Africa. Right balance between theory and practice further increases the attractiveness of the book.
PL
Recenzja dotyczy monografii poświęconej przemianom ruchów islamskich w Egipcie i Tunezji oraz ich polityzacji, w szczególności po rewolucjach arabskich określanych mianem "Arabskiej Wiosny". Monografia charakteryzuje się interdyscyplinarnym podejściem do omawianych zagadnień, lecz w szczególności czerpie z dorobku nauk o ruchach społecznych jak również z nauk o islamizmie. Mocną stroną recenzowanego opracowania jest również analiza materiału zdobytego przez autora podczas badań terenowych i wywiadów z liderami omawianych ruchów islamskich oraz ekspertami w dziedzinie islamu politycznego. To dzięki licznym fragmentom wywiadów, jak i zamieszczeniu wybranych z nich w całości, publikacja aspiruje do wejścia do kanonu lektur poruszających kwestie islamizmu i szerzej polityki na Bliskim Wschodzie i w Afryce Północnej. Zachowanie odpowiedniego balansu pomiędzy teorią i praktyką dodatkowo zwiększa atrakcyjność książki.
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