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EN
Unmanned aerial systems are in many countries one of the most dynamically developing branches of technology. They have also been recognized and are being utilized by scientists who find remote sensing indispensable in their work. Today, it is increasingly common to find research teams utilizing so-called drones in field research. Unmanned systems are becoming ever more important for environment monitoring by, on the one hand, providing data from inaccessible or remote areas, and, on the other hand, reducing the human costs required by traditional large field teams while also increasing the efficiency of the work. This paper presents the possibility of utilizing UAVs for image data collection in woodland areas. Flights over Głuchów and an Arboretum were performed using two different UAVs (Mentor, AVI). The flights were made in 2010 in the middle of the growing season. Images were taken with Sigma DP2 digital cameras in four spectral channels: R (red), G (green), B (blue) and IR (infrared). Images were saved in 8-bit. The Głuchów forest complex is located in the Głuchów forest district, which forms a part of the Rogów forest division. From the administrative viewpoint, the forest division is located in the Łódzkie province, Skierniewicki Poviat. The Arboretum is a park with a collection of trees and shrubs from different regions of the world. The area is characterized by a high variability of species and trees of varying heights. It is located in the Łódzkie province, Skierniewicki Poviat.
EN
Although contemporary unmanned systems are used in every environment, they overwhelmingly dominate the airspace. They are commonly called aerial drones or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), while the systems supporting and controlling UAVs are called unmanned aerial systems (UASs). The widespread adoption of aerial drone technology has led to their increasing use on the battlefield. Therefore, finding an effective counter-drone (counter - UAS) weapon has become a serious challenge. This task is particularly difficult because we are dealing with a huge variety of unmanned aerial systems while their numbers are increasing at a record-breaking pace. At this point, there are also no fully proven counter-drone solutions, with most existing systems still in the research phase or newly introduced prototypes. The emerging problems and the set of uncertainties associated with them have become the fundamental basis for addressing and presenting this issue in this publication. This article discusses the crucial subject of defense against unmanned aerial systems from the perspective of modern warfare. The author addresses the question of how to plan and implement counter-drone defense in military operations, as well as what technical solutions could be useful for this purpose. Throughout this study, the author employed various methods, including analysis, synthesis, comparison, and case studies, primarily by examining available open-source information on recent armed conflicts in Nagorno-Karabakh and the ongoing conflict in Ukraine. These methods enabled the author to validate his main hypothesis: there are currently no effective drone countermeasures systems, particularly against drones that can operate autonomously, utilize artificial intelligence algorithms for guidance and decision-making, or engage in large-scale attacks, known as swarms. Simultaneously, the author points out what new technical solutions should be developed to enable effective countermeasures and what tactics should be incorporated into military training to address this threat. Additionally, the article discusses to what extent existing air defense systems can be adapted for counter-drone defense and whether there are effective methods of force protection against such threats.
Safety & Defense
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2018
|
vol. 4(1)
|
issue 1
31-36
EN
The aim of the article is to show areas in which unmanned aerial vehicles are used for protection purposes and to show that drones are increasingly used for criminal purposes, an important aspect is also to present the possibilities offered by these devices. Increasingly, new technologies are used daily in human activities. They become supportive, and at the same time, they facilitate many activities. With the introduction of unmanned aerial vehicles, they have become an object that has been adopted in many industries, from simple flight operations, to filming and shooting, to complex transport or search. Due to the many constraints inherent in the human factor, the necessity of introducing drones into many everyday industries has been recognized. Particular attention has been paid to unmanned aerial vehicles in the area of security and protection, where daily activities involve a high risk of human loss. For this purpose, new technologies are introduced, but drones, due to their characteristics and many other factors, a tool used by criminals for the purposes of trade, data theft, illegal shooting and photographing. These are just a few of the offences committed by means of unmanned aerial vehicles. This poses a threat and conducive to the emergence illegal market using drones.
EN
Safe integration of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles into the European aviation system is currently a top priority for supporting the aviation industry for the entire aviation community. The purpose of the article is consideration of aviation safety issues presenting Unmanned Aerial Vehicle flight data processing and collision avoidance techniques.
EN
The presence of unmanned aerial vehicles in the airspace is affected by stimulating the development of aviation but also led to the creation of a new kind of threat. The variety of design and versatility of their applications made unmanned aerial vehicles widely available to all people. The number of flight incidents involving UAV was largely caused by failure to follow the rules of safe operation and the lack of experience of the operator. Due to the effects which may entail collision with an unmanned aircraft, aviation authorities and the users themselves take a series of measures aimed at their elimination.
EN
Using theories and models of human factor analysis in aviation, the problems of behavior and actions of unmanned aerial vehicles operators (UAVO) are presented, with particular emphasis on aspects of safety, situational awareness and communication. Besides to literature research, there were made the first in Poland interview surveys of operators and people involved with the industry, about human factor aspect, including threats to aviation safety related to UAV flights.
Safety & Defense
|
2018
|
vol. 4(1)
|
issue 1
17-21
EN
The following study is devoted to the phenomenon of unmanned aerial vehicles used throughout known history on the battlefield or for military purposes. The purpose of the following text is to familiarise the reader with an overview with the contemporary and historical employment of the unmanned vehicles on the battlefield. The study also aims to show that the concept of unmanned combat vehicles, also unmanned aerial combat vehicles, is far more ancient than is it is widely known. The article is based on theoretical research methods, mostly multinational academic literature. The author starts with an introduction on the role of limiting soldiers’ fatalities and the concept of removing military men from the battleground. Then, the author presents known examples of using unmanned ships in battles from Thucydides’ times to the invention of the Hell-burner of Antwerp. Further, the case of first unmanned combat aerial vehicle is presented, the bombing balloons from the nineteenth century, followed by a more contemporary study of the military use of unmanned aircrafts. The article is concluded with an analysis of the present employment of drones when they tend to substitute manned aircrafts on various occasions, especially when a mission is deemed “dull, dirty or dangerous”.
EN
The study which follows on findings from the scientific-research task named “Analysis of the use of unmanned airborne vehicles in selected Police Force services” conducted by the Academy of the Police Force in Bratislava in cooperation with the Police Force Headquarters focuses on theoretical and application contexts of selected issues in regulation of unmanned vehicles within EU. The author closely examines the newly adopted drone legislation which affects the Slovak regulation. The author points out to EU regulation, drawing attention to her own findings determined by her own scientific and pedagogical activities, and presents her explanation of elements which may be considered the core elements of unmanned vehicles legislation.
EN
The study which follows on findings from the scientific-research task named “Analysis of the use of unmanned airborne vehicles in selected Police Force services” conducted by the Academy of the Police Force in Bratislava in cooperation with the Police Force Headquarters focuses on theoretical and application contexts of selected issues in regulation of unmanned vehicles within EU. The author closely examines the newly adopted drone legislation which affects the Slovak regulation. The author points out to EU regulation, drawing attention to her own findings determined by her own scientific and pedagogical activities, and presents her explanation of elements which may be considered the core elements of unmanned vehicles legislation.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy integracji bezzałogowych statków powietrznych z unijnym systemem lotnictwa cywilnego. Autor przedstawia podstawowe pojęcia i terminologię stosowaną w organizacjach międzynarodowych i w Polsce. Charakteryzuje elementy bezzałogowego systemu powietrznego i możliwości jego wykorzystania. Przedstawia proces kształtowania się ram prawnych unijnego systemu funkcjonowania bezzałogowych statków powietrznych oraz uwarunkowania i perspektywy jego wdrożenia oraz omawia funkcjonowanie dronów w Polsce.
EN
The article concerns the integration of the unmanned aircraft system with EU civil aviation. The paper presents the basic concepts and terminology used by international organizations (such as ICAO, EASA) and in Poland. Described are elements of an unmanned air system and the possibilities of its use. The paper shows also the process of shaping the legal framework of the EU system relating to the functioning of unmanned aerial vehicles and the conditions and prospects of its implementation. The article discusses also the operation of unmanned aircraft in Poland.
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