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PL
Book reviews: Zbigniew Czachór, Kryzys i zaburzona dynamika Unii Europejskiej. DomWydawniczy Elipsa, Warszawa 2013, ss. 692.
PL
Book reviews: Zofia Sujkowska-Życka, Przemiany w Polsce po akcesji do Unii Europejskiej, Dom Wydawniczy ELIPSA, Warszawa 2013, ss. 320.
EN
The paper examines the civilian instruments of the European Union’s Common Security and Defence Policy in the aspect of the 2015 migrant crisis. The Union’s policies and institutions involved in handling the crisis are reviewed and the author concludes with an analysis of their efficiency as the civilian component of the CSDP.
EN
The purpose of the paper was to analyze the impact of selected factors on the labor market efficiency of the European Union countries in 2007–2017. In a comparative analysis of 28 countries, correlation and cluster analyses were used. For example, the results show that the central nodes of emerging from this study feedback system among selected determinants of labor market efficiency are decreasing brain drain, reliance on professional management and cooperation in labor-employer relations.
PL
Celem niniejszego opracowania jest zaprezentowanie wyników analizy empirycznej oddziaływania wybranych czynników na efektywność rynku pracy krajów Unii Europejskiej w latach 2007–2017. Zastosowano w niej metodę korelacji liniowej Pearsona i rang Spearmana oraz analizę skupień. Wyniki badań wskazują, że w analizowanym okresie węzłami centralnymi sieci złożonej z determinant efektywności rynku pracy były spadek skali drenażu mózgów, wzrost profesjonalizacji zarządzania i intensyfikacja współpracy między zasobami ludzkimi.
PL
Megaregionalne porozumienie o wolnym handlu UE – ASEAN zdawało się naturalną konsekwencją ponadtrzydziestoletniej współpracy instytucjonalnej obu ugrupowań, tym bardziej zaskakujący jest fakt, iż po niespełna dwóch latach odstąpiono od negocjacji w formacie region – region na rzecz podejścia bilateralnego. Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie okoliczności niepowodzenia negocjacji porozumienia o wolnym handlu UE – ASEAN w formacie region – region, z uwzględnieniem optyki obu stron, jak również potencjalnych konsekwencji podjęcia rozmów w formacie bilateralnym UE – kraj członkowski ASEAN. Autorzy sformułowali tezę, iż niepowodzenie negocjacji UE – ASEAN w latach 2007-2009 miało swoje źródło w błędnym założeniu liderów europejskich co do możliwości wypracowania kompleksowego porozumienia handlowego z regionem Azji Południowo-Wschodniej postrzeganym wówczas w kategoriach jednolitego, dynamicznie integrującego się bloku dziesięciu państw. W artykule posłużono się następującymi metodami badawczymi: analiza źródeł pierwotnych, analiza statystyczno-opisowa, analiza krytyczna.
PL
Rynek Wewnętrzny jest tym elementem Unii Europejskiej, który w najbardziej bezpośredni i widoczny sposób wpływa na życie każdego obywatela czy przedsiębiorcy. Jego istotą jest utworzenie obszaru, w ramach którego obywatele Unii Europejskiej mogą swobodnie realizować swoje projekty – osobiste i zawodowe, i w którym przedsiębiorcy swobodnie prowadzą swoją działalność. Rynek Wewnętrzny gwarantuje przedsiębiorstwom na przykład możliwość sprzedaży produktów na całym terytorium Unii czy zakładania filii na rynkach lokalnych. Zasady Rynku Wewnętrznego mają za zadanie umożliwić realizację takich zamierzeń i dążyć do wyeliminowania wszelkich przeszkód stanowiących hamulce dla tego typu inicjatyw...
EN
The world development is characterized by blurring the division between science and economy. As a result, industrial development based on a growing dependency on knowledge and information has accelerated. In turn, due to the development of the knowledge-based economy, the importance of the so-called intellectual property laws is also on the increase. Protection of these laws not only constitutes one of the main branches of the market, but also remains a transaction object. This way cooperation between science and industry finds its realization. It enables the partners to gain dominance on the market and leads to creating new solutions which further power technological progress.
PL
This paper presents the way the European Commission (EC) views the European Union’s future and its own future role. It argues that despite the new rules introduced by the Treaty of Lisbon, the EC will not become overly politicized after the 2014 European elections. The paper also outlines the case for political union through a “democratic federation of nation states”, as proposed by the President of the European Commission Jose Manuel Barroso in State of the Union 2012, and discusses the Commission’s proposals for further economic integration in the Eurozone and the EU in general, with special focus on the European Semester procedure and the EU’s new economic governance. The Commission’s projects are then put in the context of predictions about the EU’s future, made by researchers dealing with the subject.
PL
Postęp w dziedzinie gromadzenia, przetwarzania i przesyłania informacji drogą elektroniczną przyczynił się do znaczących zmian w systemach płatności, realizowanych za pośrednictwem banków i innych instytucji finansowych. Istniejący w „epoce” pieniądza papierowego system płatniczy, oparty na wymianie dokumentów papierowych, okazał się nieadekwatny do coraz bardziej dominującego w gospodarce pieniądza elektronicznego. Na rynku polskim nastąpiła wirtualizacja pieniądza. Pieniądz elektroniczny wymaga środowiska elektronicznego. Stąd też w ostatnich latach dużego znaczenia nabiera konieczność zapewnienia społeczeństwu dostępu do nowoczesnych instrumentów płatniczych oraz dostosowania polskiej infrastruktury płatniczej do wymagań współczesnego rynku. Celem pracy jest analiza dostosowania polskiej infrastruktury płatniczej do wymagań rynku oraz stopnia upowszechnienia obrotu bezgotówkowego w Polsce. Celem opracowania jest także ocena tendencji zmian na rynku instrumentów płatniczych w Polsce, na tle pozostałych krajów Unii Europejskiej
PL
W marcu 1992 roku weszła w życie tzw. Umowa Przejściowa. tj. ta część Układu o stowarzyszeniu Polski z Wspólnotami Europejskimi podpisanego w grudniu 1991 roku), która bezpośrednio dotyczyła wzajemnej wymiany handlowej. Stanowi ona podstawę prawną do utworzenia strefy wolnego handlu wyrobami przemysłowymi. Procesy integracyjne uwidoczniły jednak znaczną lukę strukturalną miedzy przemysłem polskim a zachodnioeuropejskim.
EN
In discussions on overcoming the current integration crisis arguments are put forward that Europe needs more diversified cooperation between states and it is crucial to realise that countries have different preferences regarding the areas, forms and intensity of integration. This would make the entire structure less exposed to the risk of crises, especially that in the past the European Communities and the European Union had been known to pursue differentiated integration successfully. But at the time diversified integration was pursued under specific conditions, which need not be easy to fulfil now or in the future. Consequently, there is a risk that the tendency to diversify integration might push the European Union not towards successful progress, but towards fragmentation, towards the emergence of integration “subgroups” or the formation of an exclusive, closed core surrounded by unstable peripheries.
EN
The democratic deficit affects the majority of contemporary democracies; however, it particularly affects the institutions of the European Union. The legitimisation of authority invokes four types of argument. The first of them points to the role of law and ways in which it is applied (legal and procedural legitimization); the second considers the meaning of the democratic mandate obtained in the election of representatives (democratic legitimisation); the third refers to the results of exercising authority; the fourth to the culture of the specific political community. The European Union is based on procedural legitimisation, with an immense role being played by European law; the standardised procedures of its application have until now been the main tool for deepening the integration process. At the same time, democratic legitimisation is weak. The European Parliament does not reflect European public opinion and the turn-out at elections is systematically falling. The European Commission, which should carry out general union business, is subject only to indirect democratic control which, in practice implies discretionary character of its actions. Legitimisation by results is limited in view of a small scale of budget under its control and the institutional inefficiency. Introducing a common currency and liberalisation of the market without transferring responsibility for the operation of market mechanisms on to the Union has caused a deep crisis. There is also no common political culture for the European Union. From an analysis of the functioning of union institutions there emerged the conclusion that the democratic deficit is inscribed into the logic of these institutions which were meant to act effectively. In order to ward off the current crisis, it is necessary to streamline the institutions, increase efficiency of the policies and to widen the area of democratic participation through the introduction of federal solutions.
PL
Stawiając pytanie o naturę rozwiązań instytucjonalnych przyjętych w Unii Europejskiej, oczywistą odpowiedzią jest ta, iż fundamentem funkcjonowania systemu politycznego samej Unii – podobnie zresztą jak wszystkich jej państw członkowskich – jest demokracja przedstawicielska. Pośrednie instrumenty rządzenia często uzupełniane są formami demokracji bezpośredniej, za pomocą których uprawnieni do głosowania mają możliwość bezpośredniego wpływu na kształt agendy politycznej. Przedmiotem niniejszych rozważań jest zagadnienie roli bezpośrednich mechanizmów decydowania politycznego w procesie integracji europejskiej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem funkcjonującej od 2012 r. europejskiej inicjatywy obywatelskiej. Celem niniejszego tekstu jest udzielenie odpowiedzi na pytanie o rolę i perspektywy rozwoju europejskiej inicjatywy obywatelskiej jako instrumentu wpływu obywateli na decyzje związane z procesami integracji w UE.
EN
The article presents a study of major IT corporations whose management authorities are based in EU member states. Its objective is to identify changes in the economic potential of the corporations in years 2004–2008 as well as factors which determine geographical distribution of IT corporations within the European Union. In order to prove the thesis and the objective, the following determining features have been used: changes in the potential of IT companies (number of companies, as well as the value of assets and market value), scope of company business operations (sales value), effectiveness of their operations (financial profit/loss figure) as well as correspondence between the type of operations and the performance of relevant corporations.
EN
The internal market of the EU comprises an area with no internal borders, in which a free flow of persons, goods, services and capital has been introduced. Among the main aims of creating the common market were: lowering of prices and their turnover, an increase in availability and competitiveness of services and making unrestricted movement within the union possible. This was aimed to enhance living standards among citizens of member states.Polish citizens are now enjoying these freedoms. As a teacher of entrepreneurship, I am interested mainly in entrepreneurship among young people, and in this particular case, in the way they are taking advantage of the opportunities created by Poland’s accession to the EU. In order to become better acquainted with the opinions of young Poles’ on the above mentioned topics, a survey was conducted among my secondary school students. As a result, I learned about the plans of secondary school final year students concerning further education or the search for employment, including the possibility of finding work abroad. Similar research was conducted in 2006 and 2007, presenting the opportunity to compare the results. The most important conclusions resulting from the comparison are the following: the students are closely following the economic situation of Poland and the EU, and are adapting their plans according to the changes currently taking place.
EN
The text is developed on the basis of the research conducted among immigrants from Central and Eastern Europe (Poland, Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania). Based on the interviews with immigrants the author tries to reconstruct the reception of immigrants by the host society indicated by the degree of access to tangible and symbolic goods (e.g. work, social protection, prestige, etc.) The Schengen Agreement introduced free movement of people between most but not all states of the European Union. Depending on the country of origin, it resulted in differentiation between migrants who can move freely and those who are denied such unrestricted movement across the EU. Such divide can be seen not only in the sphere of freedom of movement but also in the sphere of awarding and not awarding individuals with certain goods and privileges.
EN
Migration, or the movement of population, aimed at temporary or permanent change of residence (PWN) and has always accompanied the mankind. There are various reasons for migration, mainly economic and political. Sometimes the population moves to experience other cultures and countries (tourism – migration). The intensity of migration movement and its direction reflects the economic status, stage of development, and social conditions in these areas. Countries which are attractive to tourists and have a good tourist base are characterized by a well-developed economy and low unemployment, as well as an attractive geographical location which makes them the most desirable places for migration. On the other hand, countries which are still passing the structural changes in the national economy, having a non-oriented domestic and foreign policy, faced with demographic problems and unemployment, located in very attractive geographic areas, are the countries attracting the immigrants. Such dependence can be seen between the countries of Western and Central Europe and Eastern European countries. The change of some factors, or destabilization of the overall situation in the world (as it happened in 2007 as a result of the global economic crisis) causes the profound changes in migration flows and hence the need to change the approach to immigration by individual countries. However, migration (depending on its type) can cause gains or losses for the immigration and emigration countries as the changing global economic situation is becoming increasingly important.
EN
The aging population, the increasing number of lifestyle diseases and the increasing proportion of difficult-to-cure illnesses in the EU demands the use of modern medicine and modern medical technology. Such a situation leads to an increase of funds spent on the health sector. Therefore the question arises as to whether it is possible to find the link between expenditure on health and health conditions among societies in the EU countries. This article shows the relationship between health financing and the condition of health in the societies of the new EU Member States.
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