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EN
Monarchy and the Crisis of State Governance in the Arab World Serious political crises observed in the Arab world since 2011 have resulted in the overthrow of or attacks on several dictatorships, but it is interesting to note that deep crises of state structures were observed in the Arab republics, while the monarchies retained political and social stability. The author observes that this is hardly a coincidence, as the monarchs rely on the traditional legitimacy of power, with the reigning dynasties depending either on their descent from Prophet Muhammad or on their contribution to the renewal of Islam. The authority of these monarchs is close to absolute, even in Jordan, where many European arrangements have been adopted (for example, a constitution, parliament, and elections). This text examines several decades in Jordan’s development, focusing on the crises of authority in 1951, 1956–1957, 1967–1970 and 1989–1991. In times of crisis, the Hashemites draw on their prerogatives as absolute rulers, and on the concept of the ruler in Islamic tradition, so Jordan’s history may be presented as an example of the stabilising role of monarchies in the Arab world.
EN
This paper explores a range of health care seeking actions adopted by Polish migrants living in London. It is based on the in-depth interviews with 62 Polish migrants who resided in London in 2007 and 2008. The study reflects experiences of a diverse group of participants encompassing individuals of different ages, family circumstances and employment statuses. It uncovered a number of actions such as avoiding contact with any health services, self-medication, utilising Polish private doctors in London, and accessing public health services in Poland and London. These services and strategies were often used successively, concurrently or interchangeably depending on individual’s assessment of their situation and circumstances at the time of experiencing a particular medical need. The research uncovered a prominence of transnational health care seeking practices as most participants continued to access at least some form of health care in Poland. It also noted the impact of the length of stay, knowledge of English and labour market position on patterns of health care use. Engagement with the British National Health Service (NHS) was characterised initially by lack of knowledge of the system resulting in meandering between different institutions. There was also a sense of cultural unease and mismatch of expectations characterising doctor-patient encounters. However, the pathways of access and attitudes towards the NHS began to change as migrants learned their way through the English health care system. This underlines an importance of taking into account a longitudinal dimension in studies of migrant health care seeking behaviour.
EN
Home-schooling, or ‘elective home education’ (EHE) as it is more commonly known in the UK, invites contestation and controversies. Drawing on a UK-wide study of 242 families this paper explores a collection of EHE pedagogic practices within the socially situated contexts of doing everyday life. Through an application of Bernsteinian ideas, the findings surface some of the ways in which invisible pedagogies afforded children greater autonomy over the sequence and pace over their learning. It also considers how community development has helped some parents to harness the forms of capital which extend and remake new structures to strengthen the transmission of their social values. Contrary to the messages of EHE advocates, it shows that approaches inspired by unschooling are not devoid of power and control altogether. In considering the experiences of children and young people, the findings highlight the relative challenges and opportunities of transitioning from invisible pedagogies to formal qualifications in a context where access to public examinations can be difficult to achieve. Considering the tensions that these pedagogies reveal in the socialisation towards individualism, the author suggests solutions for questioning, challenging and bridging divides.
EN
The author addresses the problem of identity transformation among women who migrated to the UK after 2004. The article contains analyses based on empirical evidence, utilizing the Internet as a research tool, which provided valuable insight in the changes that occurred with respect to self-identity of an individual – in this particular case, Polish women. The research sheds light on the pace of the internal, socio- and psychological transformations. The changes not only affect identity, but also strongly influence migrants’ perception of the surrounding environment. This in turn results in re-evaluation of earlier ideological, philosophical, religious, and cultural paradigms.
EN
Migration from the new European Union (EU) Member States to the United Kingdom (UK) has been identified as one of the most significant social phenomena of recent times and has been studied extensively, particularly since 2004. Although gendered studies of migration are now gaining recognition, there is limited literature in relation to Polish women. There is now much evidence to support the view that migrant women constitute a large proportion of international migrants; within the European context, migrant women already outnumber their male counterparts. Drawing on a review of secondary literature and preliminary findings from new qualitative research undertaken in Poland and the UK, this paper explores how Polish migrant women negotiate their lives in regard to work and welfare responsibilities when exercising their rights as EU citizens. It is argued that migrant women should be seen as active decision makers and that migration may be considered as an opportunity to bring about change in relation to gender roles. It is concluded that migration presents an opportunity to re-evaluate gender norms.
PL
Migracje z nowych państw członkowskich Unii Europejskiej (UE) do United Kingdom (UK) zostały określone jako jeden z najbardziej znaczących procesów społecznych ostatnich czasów. Migracje te stanowią popularny przedmiot badań szczególnie po roku 2004. Pomimo tego iż studia genderowe zyskują uznanie, niewiele z nich uwzględnia polskie migrantki. Źrodła podają że migrantki stanowią dużą proporcję miedzynarodowych migrantów, zaś w kontekście europejskim, migrujące kobiety przewarzają nad migrującymi mężczyznami. Powyższy artykuł został stworzony na podstawie przeglądu źródeł zastanych oraz wstępnych wyników z nowych badań jakościowych przeprowadzonych w Polsce oraz UK. Artykuł ten opisuje jak polskie migrantki negocjują swoje obowiązki w odniesieniu do pracy na etacie oraz opieki nad domem/dziećmi kiedy przemieszczają się między krajami UE jako jej obywatelki. Autorka argumentuje iż migrantki powinny być postrzegane jako aktywne decydentki, zaś sam proces migracyjny niesie ze sobą potencjał zmian w kwestii ich ról płci. Konkludując, proces migracyjny może zainicjować ponowną ocenę ról związanych z płcią.
EN
This paper explores how the workplace experience of migrants helps to determine part of the social remittances they can make to their country of origin. The social remittance literature needs to pay more attention to work as an element of the migrant experience. Focus is placed on public internet forums related to newspapers in Poland because these are a very open means of communicating experience to the public sphere. To support the analysis, UK census and other data are used to show both the breadth of work done by Polish migrants in the UK and some of its peculiarities. This is then followed with a more qualitative analysis of selected comments from the gazeta.pl website. The complexities of both the range of migrants’ ideas about their work and also the analysis of internet-based newspaper comment sites as a form of public communication are shown.
EN
Various initiatives have been launched to encourage sociology students studying in the UK to engage more with quantitative research methods (for example: Dale et al., 2008; Adney and Carey, 2009; Falkingham et al., 2009), however, their success has been limited. Embedding quantitative methods in substantive sociology curricula has been suggested as one way to reduce students’ anxieties about learning quantitative research methods (Williams et al., 2015). This approach has been employed at Cardiff University’s School of Social Sciences, where quantitative skills have been strategically incorporated into various aspects of a first year undergraduate substantive module. This paper will reflect on the experience of teaching on this module. The paper will conclude that while the introduction of quantitative content into substantive modules indicates support for change, embedding alone cannot be viewed as a single solution to encouraging to students’ to learn about or utilise quantitative research methods. Two possible reasons for this will be suggested. Firstly, it will be argued that the majority of students no longer pursue sociology at degree level in order to gain the skills to become a competent social researcher, but rather see sociology as a discipline that will equip them with transferable and desirable skills for many occupations. Consequently, engagement with quantitative research methods is not essential to students’ strategic approach to learning as it was for previous generations who wished to understand how to study their social world. Secondly, it will be suggested that the deficit of quantitative methods in mainstream British sociology journals and the methodological preferences of practicing sociologists leads to speculation over the available staff who are capable of delivering an integrated curriculum with quantitative methods embedded in substantive modules.
Human Affairs
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2014
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vol. 24
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issue 4
406-422
EN
This paper investigates Slovak migrants’ use of new media to build social capital. It draws on data from a pilot study with 36 Slovaks living in the UK, and on content analysis of the main Facebook page for Czechs and Slovaks in the UK. The data suggest that Facebook is used for sharing emotions rather than to build a community and share practical information. While Facebook and Skype are used to maintain preexisting strong ties in the country of origin, face-to-face contact and mobile phones are used to maintain ties within the UK. However, social media do not seem to facilitate the formation of weak ties prior to migration, with face-to-face contact being dominant upon arrival. Transnational migration experience forms a separate dimension within the participants’ identity, independent from social capital. The data are discussed in relation to findings from previous studies about Slovak migrants in the Republic of Ireland.
EN
The article deals with the theoretical foundations of teacher training for adult students in the UK. It has been found out that the system of adult education is based on the andragogical approach that reveals patterns, psychological and pedagogical factors of effective learning. In applying the andragogical approach to adult education the following factors contribute to the learning process improvement: considering the motivation of adult learning, defining educational interests and needs of each adult student, the choice made by andragogue of the learning strategies and techniques designed to increase the professional level of adult education, practical implementation of knowledge and experience acquired by adult students in training process, taking into account the individual characteristics of each participant in the learning process, the desire to cooperate with the teacherandragogue. The theoretical basis of this process is the science of andragogics. It has been revealed that when working with an adult student, the following approaches are used: traditional didactic, problem-search, facilitating that are focused on the content and the learning process. Author determined specific approaches used in the UK for teaching adults, namely active, institutional, competence, synergy and others.
EN
Current changes in technology and the role of the Internet open up new opportunities for companies both to communicate with the public and organisational functionality of its own structure. The fact that Social Media entered the business landscape, can be globally experience in the novel ways of communication, particularly between all stakeholders in organisation’s environment, but also in growing tendency in search for the new knowledge and expertise in digital environment. Organisations existing in brick-and-mortar landscape, observing ongoing and continues development of the digital technologies that ubiquitously transforming the way we perceive a role of marketing and making Public Relations more fascinating discipline in the XXI century. Becoming more exposed to the public, marketers needs to understand importance of their role in the new age of digital era but more importantly to be able to adapt to a new environment by building their digital presence with accordance to tomorrow’s reality and prevailing expectations. Every geographical region has its own unique approach in practicing public relations and building their own understanding of that concept. What is more, one also has to take into consideration the relations between corporate culture and organizational environment and it’s influence on certain managerial practices. Broadening the traditional perspective and communication by the new and growing acceptance of the dot.com era, internet is defining new rules, that continuously supported by the visionary and innovatory approach of modern organisations, not only modelling PR and marketing but companies as a whole. The aim of this article is to identify the changing trends of the new PR model that continuously evolve in the digital era and changing our way of building robust two-direction communication channel. The article presents four case studies (Poland and the UK) of social media in PR on the automotive market.
EN
The European Commission re-launched its proposal on the Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB) in Europe in October 2016. The CCCTB aims to help ensure a fair and efficient corporate tax system in the European Union as a tool to fight tax evasion and tax fraud. Moreover, the CCCTB could be intended to be used as a new resource for the EU budget, as the EU budget requires reassessment after Brexit. Although the outcome of the Brexit process was uncertain for a long time, the UK left the EU on 31 January 2020. The objective of this paper is to research the impact of the introduction of the CCCTB on the EU’s economic environment in the post-Brexit period. The research reveals that the overall tax base under the CCCTB in the post-Brexit period would decline by 5.34% in comparison with the current tax base. Through a dynamic approach, we find that the CCCTB could increase the tax base by between 3.33% and 22.42%, depending on the behavioural effects induced by the implementation of the proposal.
EN
BREXIT, the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the EU structures has become a turning point in the process of formation of (as it seemed) permanent upranational blocs of economic cooperation. It was the first time that the European Union as a sui generis first in the world supranational organisation was so explicitly questioned as a value in itself. The redefinition of values that took place in the United Kingdom may be connected with a turn towards the part of the “Anglosphere” known as CANZUK. The research hypothesis for the studies announced in this article is that this ideological turnaround will lead to gradual regional integration. The article presents the theoretical and methodological framework for conducting the planned studies, outlines the currently available sources, and maps out the directions for detailed analyses within the singled out research areas. The planned research fits into the area of political and law studies. As regards the first field, analysed will be efforts aimed at consolidating cooperation, and in the future – postulated integration. The research will be carried out from the perspective of Karl Deutsch’s communication theory. The theory emphasises substantiveness of nation states and the need for social integration before political integration, which is also the fundamental assumption underlying the postulates of both the supporters of Brexit, as well as the persons and entities postulating the construction of the CANZUK bloc. With the use of this theoretical perspective it will be possible to complement the research with analyses in the area of contemporary political thought indicating the axiological foundations for the construction of a community in the Anglosphere. In the latter area, analysed will be certain acts of public international law, such as e.g. Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement. That act may be treated as a model solution as regards constructing an alternative mechanism for the freedom of movement of persons.
EN
This timely issue of Central and Eastern European Migration Review addresses the clear urgency of promoting empirical research focused on the realm of transnational experiences of family migrants from Poland. The main strength of the volume is a presentation of the four main pillars of the mobility processes, showcasing two crucial receiving countries of Polish contemporary family settlement abroad. More specifically, the qualitative studies gathered here are rooted in a multi-perspective approach with regard to the actors that they examine and cover both the relatively well-researched destination of the United Kingdom and the more ‘novel’ or ‘recent’ example of Norway as the receiving state, with the latter marked by family reunification mobility and considerable visibility of Poles in the ethnicised public discourses. The four main elements of the ‘mobility maze’ that the papers can help navigate reflect the subjects, handlers and agents of the Polish mobility. They are constituted by two generations of family migrants – parents and children – as well as schools/teachers and peer groups representing specific politics and practices of integration with the host society.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest trafności prognoz dotyczących rynku nieruchomości komercyjnych w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 2000 – 2011. wykorzystując dane statystyczne Investment Property Forum, zaobserwowano iż prognozy mają tendencje do konserwatyzmu i unikania ‘dużych liczb’. Badania wskazują, iż prognozy mają tendencję do przeceniania wzrostu wartości kapitału i stóp zwrotu w okresach słabej koniunktury rynkowej i na odwrót w czasie ożywienia na rynku. Zauważalna różnica w relatywnej trafności prognoz dotyczących zysków kapitałowych i całkowitych stóp zwrotu w przeciwieństwie do liczb/danych dotyczących najmu jest widoczna w analizie, przy czym trafność jest znacznie większa w przypadku prognoz dotyczących najmu. Wyniki analiz sugerowałyby, iż analitykom przygotowującym prognozy znacznie trudniej przewidywać zyski kapitałowe a co za tym idzie, całkowite stopy zwrotu. Ponadto, jak należałoby oczekiwać, trafność prognoz jest mocno uzależniona od warunków rynkowych. Podsumowując, różnice w prognozowanych wielkościach wzrostu wartości kapitału oraz całkowitych stóp zwrotu, wzrosły w okresie ostatnich 4 lat.
EN
This paper considers the accuracy of the UK commercial property forecasts over the period 2000-2011. Using the Investment Property Forum (IPF) consensus data, we observe that forecasters tend to display conservatism and avoid ‘big numbers’ in their forecasts. We find that forecasters tend to overestimate capital growth and the total rates of return during periods when the market is performing poorly and vice-versa during strong market conditions. A marked difference in the relative accuracy of capital and total returns versus rental figures is also evident in the analysis, with accuracy enhanced in case of rental forecasts. This would imply that forecasters have greater difficulty in forecasting capital and therefore total returns. In addition, as it would be expected, accuracy is dependent on market conditions. Overall differences in forecast values for the capital growth and total returns have increased over the last 4 years.
EN
Social entrepreneurship has always been a contested concept, both within the academic discourse and in practice. A lot of scholarly effort has been put into analyzing the different definitions of social entrepreneurship and the negative consequences that the definitional debate has on the opportunity to advance social entrepreneurship as a research field. Very little is known about what the consequences of the multiple meanings of social entrepreneurship are for people working in the sector. This paper advances knowledge on this topic by looking at the social entrepreneurship sector in England and by investigating through qualitative research methods what sector members think about social entrepreneurship and its unclear boundaries. The results show that there are three different conceptions of social entrepreneurship within the sector in England. However, while everyone agrees on the presence of a definitional debate, opinions on what this means for the sector are several. Some members think it is something positive; some others think it is causing different issues, and a third group considers it as irrelevant.
EN
The article is aimed at revealing the approaches to defining giftedness and gifted in the USA, Canada and the UK. The following research methods were used:terminological analysis with the help of which the essence of the basic concepts is defined; comparative analysis aimed at defining common features and differences in the approaches to defining giftedness and gifted education in the studied countries. It is emphasized that the definition of “giftedness” and “gifted”, presented in the official documents of the USA, Canada and the UK, often differ from the definitions formulated by leading researchers of the studied countries. It is found out that in order to define the studied category of children and youth foreign researchers often use two concepts – “giftedness” and “talent”. It should be noted that the views of the theorists on the relationship of these concepts in the definition of the studied category differ significantly. The requirements to the definition of giftedness, proposed by a well-known American theorist of gifted and talented education J. Renzulli are highlighted, namely: 1) the definition should be based on evidence from scientific research that contains the characteristics of gifted individuals; 2) the definition should provide guidance in the identification process in this category of children and youth; 3) the definition should guide and be logically related to existing practice; 4) the definition should synthesize the research that shows its validity On the basis of analysis of the research works of foreign theorists of gifted and talented education and documents of the state education authorities of the USA, Canada and the UK the main types of giftedness are identified, in particular: 1) intellectual giftedness; 2) specific academic aptitude (math, language, etc.); 3) technical design talent; 4) musical and performing talent; 5) artistic talent; 6) sports talent; 7) creativity; and 8) leadership. The basic concept of “giftedness”, under which in our studywe understand natural inclinations and abilities (intellectual, specific academic, technical-design, musical-performing, artistic, sports, creative and leadership), which are manifested in high achievements, and the potential for such achievements, is clarified. The prospects for further research are seen in the revealing the peculiarities of the outlined types of giftedness.
EN
The main objective of the research presented in this paper was to examine the social, economic, legal and political consequences of Brexit and its impact on the migrant strategies of the Slovaks living in the UK. We used qualitative-research methods in the form of 30 in-depth semi-structured interviews online after the Covid-19 pandemic forced the original plan of interviewing the participants face-to-face to be abandoned. The approach used in the interviews was biographical, addressing the migrants´ personal history (in respect to migration), present (in respect to Brexit) and future (in respect to both Brexit and migration). A qualitative analysis of the collected data showing that Brexit did not alter the migration strategies of those 30 Slovak research participants, especially those from the post-EU-admission migration wave. They did not intend to go back to Slovakia and did not perceive any immediate negative impact of Brexit on their lives. However, the focus of this paper is on those who emigrated before 2004 and can see the UK, their own lives and consequences of major political decisions in a broader perspective.
EN
Migration from the new European Union (EU) Member States to the United Kingdom (UK) has been identified as one of the most significant social phenomena of recent times and Accession 8 (A8) migration to the UK has been studied extensively particularly since 2004. Even though gendered studies of migration are now attaining recognition, there is limited literature in relation to Polish migrant women. What is more, there is now much evidence to support the view that migrant women constitute a large proportion of international migrants. In fact, when considering migration within the European context, migrant women now outnumber their male counterparts. Drawing on a review of secondary literature and preliminary findings from new fieldwork research undertaken in Poland and the UK in 2012, this paper explores how Polish migrant women exercise their rights as EU citizens to better their own and their families’ wellbeing. As the consequence of their newly acquired rights as EU citizens, Polish migrant women appear to be active agents who make use of the resources and opportunities that migration offers. It is concluded that migration within the EU presents positive opportunities for Polish migrant women to actively engage with and exercise national and EU citizenship rights.
EN
The article deals with the organizational and pedagogical principles of the professional training of future nanoelectronics engineers in UK universities. There has been substantiated a number of general didactic and specific principles of the professional training of future nanoelectronics engineers, which facilitate the concretization of content, goals, and tasks of professional training; enhancing the efficiency of the forms and methods of organizing academic activity and its effectiveness; the development of general theoretical and methodological bases of the effective forming in the future engineers of the system of professional knowledge, the skills to use it in their professional activity and deepen it throughout life; skills to masterly use the full arsenal of means and techniques in the process of solving any professional and technical issues. There has been characterized the structure of engineers' training curricula, which envisages the study of core, elective and optional subjects and writing a Master's dissertation. There have been examined the stages of the study organization at the Masters' schools: the practical ones (lectures and seminars) and the theoretical (research) ones. There have been defined the peculiarities of the nanoelectronics specialists' practical training.
PL
Państwa liberalne prowadzą politykę zachęcania do imigracji i jednocześnie kontrolowania jej. Demokracja reprezentatywna, państwo narodowe, konstytucjonalizm i kapitalizm - każdy z tych systemów wymaga konkretnej strategii migracyjnej. Poprzednie badania skupiały się na postawach wobec migracji, wykorzystywały metody ilościowe, których celem było analizowanie wartości i percepcji wpływających na opinie społeczeństwa. Stąd różnorodność i złożoność nastrojów społecznych jest mniej znana. Artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie perspektyw opartych na tweetach w ostatnim dniu (i okolicach) członkostwa Wielkiej Brytanii w Unii Europejskiej (31stycznia 2020 r.). Dane zebrano za pomocą NCapture - rozszerzenia przeglądarki internetowej, które pobierało tweety z hashtagami #Brexit, #BrexitDay i #BrexitEve i importowało je bezpośrednio do NVivo. Siedmiokrotnie przechwycono tweety w dniach 30-31stycznia i 1, 7-10 lutego; zbierając 250 095 tweetów opublikowanych między 23 stycznia a 10 lutego. Wszystkie retweety, duplikaty, tweety w jęz. innym niż angielski i spam zostały usunięte; pozostawiono 888 tweetów do analizy. Tweety zostały zakodowane dwukrotnie; stosunek do brexitu zakodowano jako pozytywny (n = 203), negatywny (n = 586) lub neutralny (n = 99). Przeprowadzono również analizę tematyczną. Wyniki pokazały, że podział dyskursu na temat migracji był bardziej skomplikowany niż tylko debata "za" i "przeciw" imigracji. Co ciekawe wyniki wskazują także na przesunięcie się granicy w brytyjskiej debacie migracyjnej od rozważania korzyści i wad imigracji po przyszłe, dwustronne zasady migracji między Wielką Brytanią a Unią Europejską.
EN
Liberal states simultaneously pursue policies of encouraging and controlling (un)desired immigration. Forces of representative democracy, nationhood, constitutionalism, and capitalism - each call for a distinct migration strategy. Previous research focusing on attitudes towards migration used quantitative methods examining values and perceptions that influence people's opinions. Still, it did not explore the diversity and complexity of sentiments. This paper aims to provide a more nuanced perspective based on tweets on and around the last day of the British membership in the European Union (31 January 2020). Data were collected using NCapture - a web-browser extension that downloaded tweets with hashtags #Brexit, #BrexitDay, and #BrexitEve, and imported them directly to NVivo. Seven batches of tweets were captured on 30-31 January and 1, 7-10 February; extracting 250,095 published between 23 January and 10 February. All retweets, duplicates, non-English tweets, and spam were removed, leaving 888 tweets for the analysis. The dataset was coded twice, assigning sentiments towards Brexit as positive (n = 203), negative (n = 586), or neutral (n = 99), and using inductive thematic analysis. The findings showed the division of discourse on migration was more complicated than merely in favor and against immigration. Interestingly, they also exhibited the shift in the British debate from benefits and drawbacks of immigration to the reciprocity of migration policies in the future relations between the United Kingdom and the European Union.
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