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1

Effective equity: Eperiences from an ultimatum experiment

100%
Kovacs J.
Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)
|
2005
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vol. 60
|
issue 1/2
225-147
EN
Fairness like other social norms is usually stabilized by punishing norm deviations. Reward uncertainty, however, questions that norm deviations are detected and thus punished. By investing in information acquisition a responder in an ultimatum experiment determines endogenously whether unfair offers are detected and sanctionable. In our experiment a proposer and a responder can share 12 black and 12 white chips where the monetary value of a white chip for the proposer can be rather high ('high payoff mode') or low ('low payoff mode'). The responder can buy information about the proposer's reward type what results in commonly known monetary rewards. The efficient (Pareto-optimal) allocation of chips needs one-sided allocation of - at least one kind of - chips. At the same time Pareto-efficiency is fully compatible with equity. The efficient equitable allocation in the case of high (low) payoff mode gives all black chips to the responder (proposer) and splits white chips equally. We expected lack of information to yield much of waste and inequitable allocations. This expectation is based on the proposer who in the lack of common knowledge does not do the rational differentiation in order to avoid misunderstandings, but relies more on primitive fairness norms (splits both piles of chips equally). According to our results 1. More than half of the responders do not buy information about the payoff mode (30 out of 55). 2. Those, who buy information report more uncertainty about the allocation problem and trust less their proposers. 3. Proposers, whose partners asked for information: - utilize the resource of white chips to a less extent in both payoff modes; - offer considerably less Pareto-optimal allocation in both payoff modes; - offer more equitable allocation in the high payoff mode than those with partners not asking for information. In general, in our experiment buying information did not pay on average (although it was sold at a low price, equal to the value of a single chip). Surprisingly, buying information destroyed rationality in the offers to such an extent that even the more equitable offers could not cover the cost of information. Based on our data set one cannot judge safely on causes of these unexpected results. A possible explanation is that asking for information conveys the fearful message of mistrust, attracting attention from the rational way of problem solving to getting the good result. Putting it another way, less cognitive capacity might be devoted to finding the rational way to the solution. Supporting this hypothesis, we prove that proposers with partners asking information employ more the heuristic of 'separate accounts from the two kinds of chips' and try to come at equitable allocation separately from both piles.
2

Feeling of uncertainty and ts determining factors in Hungary: Quantitative results

100%
Vicsek L. M.
Szociologiai Szemle (Sociological Review)
|
2004
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issue 2
27-57
EN
The author examines uncertainty and the factors that determine it analysing the two dimensions of uncertainty. Unpredictability is a term used here of situations where people feel that they cannot foresee what will happen in the future, and insecurity refers to situations where there is a negative affective state because of the perception that one cannot know for sure what will happen in the future. In the present study, besides providing a sociological description of uncertainty, three macro- and five micro-theories are tested on how well they can explain the level of the two dimensions of uncertainty (unpredictability, insecurity) and the focus of uncertainty in Hungary. In the case of the macro-hypotheses, assumptions on the uncertainty constellation of the whole Hungarian society are formulated, compared to three other countries (Great Britain, France, Greece). In the case of the micro-hypotheses, assumptions are made about the uncertainty constellations of individuals within Hungary, compared to other Hungarian individuals. The Hungarian part of the empirical material of the study consists of a representative Omnibus survey. To test the macro-hypotheses the author uses survey data from the other three countries examined. The data were collected in the first half of 2002.
3

CRISIS DUE TO UNCERTAINTY? THE ROLE OF INFORMATION PROCESSING STYLES AND INTOLERANCE OF UNCERTAINTY IN PROGRESS AND CRISIS DURING GOAL-STRIVING

100%
Kačmár P., Korbová M., Bavoľár J.
Studia Psychologica
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2023
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vol. 65
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issue 1
36-55
EN
Past research has identified a number of stable characteristics affecting goal achievement. However, the role of inter-individual differences in the ways in which an individual reacts to (A) new information and (B) ambiguous situations during the pursuit of personal goals has been overlooked. In the present study (N = 245), we focused on the role of experiential and rational information processing styles (REI-40) and intolerance of uncertainty (IUS-12) in goal progress and crisis that can occur during goal-striving due to the accumulation of setbacks, known as an action crisis. It was found that intolerance of uncertainty predicted an action crisis. Furthermore, rational ability predicted goal progress indirectly, via a subjective assessment of goal attainability. Autonomous motivation did not play a mediating role in the present study, though. These findings extend previous results, which have focused on the role of individual differences in action crisis and highlight the role of intolerance of uncertainty as a potential risk factor for the development of action crisis.
4
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SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL RESILIENCE IN SHARON BALA’S THE BOAT PEOPLE

100%
Casco-Solís S.
World Literature Studies
|
2023
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vol. 15
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issue 2
66 – 76
EN
This article examines the notion of socio-ecological resilience and its current alignment with neoliberalism in Sharon Bala’s The Boat People (2018). Drawing on Philippe Bourbeau’s theorizing about the interconnection of resilience and security and contemporary studies of resilience, this article explores the current use of socio-ecological resilience as a government strategy to deal with global humanitarian crises posed by refugees and asylum seekers. Moreover, this article examines the main elements, motifs, and narrative devices used in the novel to produce an aesthetics that highlights the chaos, uncertainty, and hopelessness resulting from the articulation of political notions of resilience in neoliberal times.
5

Risk-taking in entrepreneurs: the role of uncertainty, stake and framing

88%
Farago K., Kiss O.
Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)
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2005
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vol. 60
|
issue 1/2
203-223
EN
We examined entrepreneurial risk-taking in hypothetical bet situations presented in the form of a questionnaire. The level of uncertainty and the amount staked were varied in the situations provided. The subjects were required to make choices between two profit-making situations in one half of the questions and two loss-making situations in the other half. The expected values of the alternatives offered were equal. In order to identify the risk-taking strategies unique to entrepreneurs, a sample consisting of college students was also involved in the study. The results suggest that entrepreneurs focus on the amount staked; probability factors are less commonly taken into consideration. This tendency results in different behavior in profit-making and loss-making situations: the potential profit motivates entrepreneurs to choose higher stakes, whereas an expected loss will characteristically prompt the avoidance of higher stakes and thus higher risks. In profit-making situations, the strategies applied by college students are different from those found in entrepreneurs: students' decisions are more pronouncedly influenced by probability factors than by the amount staked. The results point to the conclusion that for entrepreneurs, the emotional value of profit and loss is considerably high, and as a result, their reactions show manifestations of the affect heuristic. The picture emerging form the study qualifies to some extent the so-called endowment effect, which is a tendency in individuals to invest further resources into loss-making projects. Prospects for major losses deterred the respondents from taking risks.
6

LONG-RUN DETERMINANTS OF CONSUMPTION IN THE EURO AREA: IS THERE A ROLE FOR UNCERTAINTY?

88%
Dajcman S.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2018
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vol. 66
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issue 10
969 – 986
EN
This paper examines the long-run (co-integrating) relationship between real consumption, real disposable income, real net financial wealth, real housing wealth, and uncertainties in future income (income uncertainty) and the rate of return on accumulated financial wealth (capital uncertainty) for a panel of 12 euro area countries. Using proxies for the unobservable housing wealth and income and capital uncertainty, we show that such a relationship does exist, but it is not homogenous for the euro area as a whole. Real disposable income and real net financial wealth are the main determinants of real consumption for the PIIGS (Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece, and Spain) and non-PIIGS (Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Netherlands, and Slovenia) euro areas. Income and capital uncertainties are negatively associated with real consumption, but only in the PIIGS euro area.
7

ELLSBERGOV PARADOX: ROZHODOVANIE ZA PODMIENOK RIZIKA A NEISTOTY

88%
Baláž V., Fifeková E., Nemcová E.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2009
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vol. 57
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issue 3
213-229
EN
This research analysed decisions under risk and ambiguity on a sample of 539 students of the Bratislava University of Economics. Experiments with bets on Ellsberg paradox and familiar events generated results similar to those obtained by Fox and Tversky in 1995. New findings relate to gender differences in decisions under risk and uncertainty. Female students were more ambiguity averse, if they had felt less competent in area of decision. While bets by male participants were significantly higher in financial topics, gender differences were much lower in bets on linguistic topics.
8

AKRASIA AND UNCERTAINTY

88%
Wedgwood R.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
|
2013
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vol. 20
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issue 4
484 – 506
EN
According to John Broome, akrasia consists in a failure to intend to do something that one believes one ought to do, and such akrasia is necessarily irrational. In fact, however, failing to intend something that one believes one ought to do is only guaranteed to be irrational if one is certain of a maximally detailed proposition about what one ought to do; if one is uncertain about any part of the full story about what one ought to do, it could be perfectly rational not to intend to do something that one believes one ought to do. This paper seeks to remedy this problem, by proposing an anti-akrasia principle that covers cases of uncertainty (as well as cases of such complete certainty). It is argued that this principle is in effect the fundamental principle of practical rationality.
9

SOCIAL POLICY IN INTEGRATING EUROPE - BETWEEN SECURITY AND UNCERTAINTY (Polityka spoleczna w integrujacej sie Europie - miedzy bezpieczenstwem a niepewnoscia)

75%
Zamorska K.
Nauki Społeczne
|
2011
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issue 1(3)
41-55
EN
This article aims at presenting the factors which disrupt the specific order of the social policy prevailing for a long time in post-war Europe. The first part of the work discusses those values and standards which compose the European social model. Security, to which the Europeans attach great significance, is its fundamental feature. Next, the factors damaging this structure are presented. The example of work and education has served as an illustration of new forms of inequality. The entire work leads to a conclusion that the nation-states cannot efficiently conduct social policy which does not include the solutions on the European Union level. However, this should not mean blind acceptance of all propositions of Euro bureaucrats.
10

Ocena efektywności decyzji gospodarczych w warunkach ryzyka z wykorzystaniem rozmytej metody TOPSIS

75%
Roszkowska E.
Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne
|
2012
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issue 6(60)
3-19
EN
The paper investigates the possibility of applying the fuzzy TOPSIS method in economic decision making in the absence of precise estimation of risk parameters, partial information, and uncertain or imprecise data. The authors describe the concept of risk in economic decision making and review the methods of risk analysis. Presented are the theoretical foundations of fuzzy TOPSIS, particular calculation stages, and the application for efficiency evaluation of investment projects under conditions of risk. The numerical example uses NPV, IRR and PP indicators, and a linguistic variable describing risk. What makes this procedure valuable is the calculation simplicity as well as the easiness and clarity of interpretation of obtained results.
11

Era nejistoty a nastup “lovecko-hracske” spolecnosti

75%
Roubal O.
Communication Today
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2012
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vol. 3
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issue 1
6-18
EN
Within the late modernity discourse attention has been drawn to the intensifying process of individualization. This process is being accelerated and affected by de-institutionalization and de-stratification - both processes resulting from the crisis of organised modernity. Individualization does not only mean more freedom and autonomy, it also implies more uncertainty and risk. In the liquid modernity people are facing a whole range of global uncertainty linked with crises of social forms, politics, social security, and conformity and consumer identity. All hopes and expectations towards the creating and accomplishing our life plans rest with us – individuals who are freer to take direction of their life trajectories, and at the same time, take responsibility for consequences of potential negative turbulences that could distract these trajectories from their settled direction. Being flexible is one of the most effective strategies how to tackle uncertainty in the age of liquid modernity. „Hunter-gamer“- a whole new concept of human mentality has been gaining more acceptance.
12

Evaluation credit applications, equality and inequality in consumer credit

51%
Szathmari M.
Szociologiai Szemle (Sociological Review)
|
2008
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vol. 18
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issue 4
93-106
EN
This paper aims to show that as the form of consumer credit becomes more and more money-like, the inequality in getting credit becomes a more and more significant issue, just as the income inequality. Based on the relevant literature on banks' practice in evaluating credit applications, the author presents to ideal types which are related to either uncertainty or risk faced by banks during decision making. In situations of uncertainty, banks have to rely on judgmental (subjective) decision making which can result in severe discrimination. When facing a risk, credit scoring systems are developed, which grant or deny the loan based on the statistical analysis of the past behavior of individuals similar to the credit applicant. This method eliminates the subjectivity of the bank clerk, but it introduces statistical discrimination which can never be entirely eliminated. To reduce this kind of discrimination in Hungary the positive (full) data credit bureau - besides the existing negative list - has to be introduced.
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