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HERBERT MARCUSE'S UTOPIANISM. THEORY OF REPRESSIVE AMERICAN SOCIETY AND THE ROLE OF AN INDIVIDUAL (Utopia Herberta Marcusego. Teoria represywnego spoleczenstwa amerykanskiego i rola jednostki)

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Pietrasz A.
Archeus. Studia z bioetyki i antropologii filozoficznej
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2010
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vol. 11
75-93
EN
Herbert Marcuse was one of the most influential representatives of the Frankfurt School along with philosophers such as Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Erich Fromm and Jürgen Habermas. In 1934 he emigrated to the United States. By reinterpretation of some theories of Hegel, Marx, Heidegger and Freud, he was trying to create a complex philosophical system concerning the human being. Because of his critical approach to the Soviet variant of Marxism, he came into conflict with orthodox Marxists. He engaged also in polemics with some principles of capitalism, especially its American version. Marcuse introduced the term 'welfare state' describing a repressive system of government. He believed that an individual was able to stand up to it through determined action against its specific type of society. He also claimed that the contemporary society was totalitarian and - because of that - every member of it was in fact a 'one-dimensional man'. However, in his opinion, some revolutionary currents - especially the American 'New Left' - might be the remedy for the ensuing situation. Although in his declining years Marcuse had revised his views, he was criticized by Marxists as well as by some radical factions of the young counterculture until his death in 1979.
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HYBNÉ SÍLY ENVIRONMENTÁLNÍ POLITICKÉ FILOSOFIE

100%
Horyna B.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2022
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vol. 77
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issue 4
251 – 267
EN
The offensive of neoliberal theory and practice has clearly weakened since the structural crisis of Western capitalism. Neoliberal dogma has nothing to offer a precarized society, science, education, politics and above all a mundane civilization threatened by environmental risks. This will be the task of an environmental policy that uses the insights of political economy and political ecology. Political economy can take a step beyond mere criticism. Beyond critique lies utopianism: a concept of transformation that overcomes the logic of critique, protest, alternative (revolutionary prognostic) thinking and hope, and brings about the cultivation of new dimensions of humanity’s economic self-reproduction. Here begins the genesis of a higher form of political economy and political philosophy – environmental political philosophy. The present study develops the central method of environmental political philosophy: the method of political-economic utopianism independent of the classical subject of economics and concentrated on the basic assumptions of the economic theory of politics, i.e. on the initial ontological postulates, on epistemological postulates, on social-scientific knowledge with emphasis on research on political theories, and on natural-scientific knowledge with emphasis on environmental issues (in the case of Anthropocene).
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