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EN
There are three traditional foundation or pillars of Ukrainian national identity; language, religion and social memory but religion is the most important. It is connected in special way with the Orthodox Church and its role to the preservation and reconstruction that identity. Interviews conducted among Orthodox Church priests working in the decanates of Olsztyn, Elbląg and Węgorzewo and other researches make clear that religion is the real value of native ethnic culture and center of Ukrainian national consciousness. Social and cultural role of Orthodox parish churches in the Ukrainian community refers also to the situation before 1947 i.e. deportation Ukrainians on Wamia and Mazury. History and memory of the polish-ukrainian borderland show that among principles of coexistence of Poles and Ukrainians religion and church were the most important. Now significance of religion in processes of identification is also recognized. It seems that future existence of Ukrainian diaspora in Warmia and Mazury depends on religion. It means that the range of the assimilation processes will depend not only on rate of conversional and mixed marriage but also on different forms of secularization. Religious institutions are connected with political; Ukrainian Orthodox Church which gained full political and cultural rights after 1989 increased his social and cultural activity to become the most important institution of presentation of ethnic group interests.
EN
In the third period of Ukrainian prerevolutionary statehood, called Directorate, national groups took over the authority. As a result of various events, in February 1919 Symon Petlura became the leader of the republic. One of the most revolutionary decisions of the Directorate consisted in adoption of the act of autocephaly of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. Although the episcopate of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church boycotted this act, the Directorate strived hard to execute its resolutions. One of the most important Directorate’s actions was sending to Constantinople a representative of O. Łotocki’s government, with the mission of gaining the ecumenical patriarch’s – Germanos V’s support. A fast collapse of the new authority made it impossible for the Ukrainian nationals to achieve the main objective – the autocephaly of the Church.
EN
Based upon web-published materials, the article analyzes the eulogies composed in the Church Slavonic and Ukrainian languages, which have arisen following Kiev’s Maidan and its subsequent developments in the period December 2013 – December 2014. The texts under analysis come from Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate and from the Patriarchate of Moscow itself, from the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kiev Patriarchate and some other texts. Initiatives from the laity are also taken in account (e.g. Ruslana Lyžyčko). The prayers under analysis show historical and political influences. In the Muscovite texts and in Patriarch Kirill’s statements, the attempt to impose the idea of a Russian Commonwealth (Russkij mir) is quite evident. This idea is based upon the unity and brotherhood of a people united by the christening of the Prince St. Vladimir. There are also charges brought against Greek Catholics and non-canonical Churches. The texts composed in Ukraine are either more decisively patriotic and anti-muscovite, with statements backing the European project (the Kiev Patriarchate Ukrainian Orthodox Church), or more religious in general terms, with a plea for fundamental Christian values and declarations of loyalty towards the State (the Moscow Patriarchate Ukrainian Orthodox Church).
EN
The article presents the impact of the process of securitization of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) on the changes in Ukrainian law on religion since the Revolution of Dignity (Euromaidan). Securitization as a concept originated in security sciences belongs to constructivist approaches because under these approaches the threat is not a real phenomenon. The threat is subjectively indicated by the actor of the process and recognized as such by its recipients. Although this study is not concerned with the securitization process itself, it emphasizes the circumstances surrounding its consequences for law on religion. Among these circumstances is the war in Donbas and granting autocephaly to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church by the Ecumenical Patriarchate. The article discusses the normative acts adopted after 2013, which oblige the Ukrainian Orthodox Church to include its subordination to the Russian Orthodox Church in its name, making it easier for parish communities to change their jurisdictional subordination and hindering the functioning of military pastoral care in the Armed Forces and other military formations.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wpływ procesu sekurytyzacji Ukraińskiego Kościoła Prawosławnego w jedności z Patriarchatem Moskiewskim na zmiany w ustawodawstwie wyznaniowym Ukrainy od rewolucji godności (Euromajdanu). Wyodrębniana na gruncie nauk o bezpieczeństwie sekurytyzacja należy do podejść konstruktywistycznych, ponieważ zgodnie z tym ujęciem zagrożenie nie jest zjawiskiem realnym. Zagrożenie jest subiektywnie wskazywane przez aktora procesu oraz za takie uznawane przez jego odbiorców. Na gruncie pracy sam proces sekurytyzacji nie jest przedmiotem zainteresowania. Podkreślono okoliczności towarzyszące jego skutkom w zakresie regulacji wyznaniowych, wśród których zidentyfikowano wojnę w Donbasie i przyznanie autokefalii Kościołowi Prawosławnemu Ukrainy przez Patriarchat Ekumeniczny. Omówione zostały akty normatywne przyjęte po 2013 r., zobowiązujące Ukraiński Kościół Prawosławny do uwzględnienia w swojej nazwie podporządkowania Rosyjskiemu Kościołowi Prawosławnemu, ułatwiające wspólnotom parafialnym zmianę podporządkowania jurysdykcyjnego, a także utrudniające funkcjonowanie duszpasterstwa wojskowego w Siłach Zbrojnych i innych formacjach wojskowych.
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