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EN
The types of local government units in the United States and the manner of their establishment are presented. Four ways of boundary changes of municipalities – annexation, division, merger and consolidation – are examined in reference to the various legal solutions adopted in the state law. In the background of present discussion is consolidation of municipalities in the European countries. The study is based on analysis of the legal provisions of the constitutions and state laws, statistical data collected by the U.S. Census Bureau and literature.
PL
Subregion andyjski jest ważny dla wielu aktorów współczesnych stosunków międzynarodowych. Jednym z nich są Stany Zjednoczone. Przedmiotem artykułu jest prezentacja instrumentów i celów polityki zagranicznej wobec Boliwii. Do najważniejszych celów polityki USA wobec La Paz należą: wspólna walka z narkobiznesem, promocja wartości demokratycznych, zwłaszcza po 2005 roku, kiedy prezydentem został Evo Morales oraz wspieranie reform wolnorynkowych w Boliwii. Aktualnie, mamy do czynienia z rywalizacją gospodarczą o wpływy w Boliwii pomiędzy USA, Unią Europejską i Rosją. Ze strategicznego punktu widzenia, kwestie gospodarcze zdominują prawdopodobnie kontakty amerykańsko-boliwijskie w przyszłości
EN
Andean subregion is a very important area at the contemporary international relations. Bolivia is one of the Andean states. There are three main goals of the American foreign policy towards Bolivia: one of the main is supporting La Paz in fighting against narcobusiness. The second one is promoting democracy in this country, especially, after 2005, when Evo Morales won the presidential elections. The last goal is encouraging Bolivia for free market reforms by American economic initiatives like Andean Trade Preferences Act (ATPA). Nowadays, U.S., European countries and Russia are in rivalry for these markets. The winner of this competition will keep control of the whole market of minerals and from the political, economic and strategic point of view will be stronger in the future.
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