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Sarduri II – One of the most unfortunate rulers of the 8th century B.C.E.

100%
Hipp K.
Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie
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2013-2014
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vol. 5-6
87-99
EN
This paper aims to present Sarduri II’s policy towards Assyria from a broader perspective. Contrary to his successors, Sarduri II’s rule has not been a subject of such interest among Assyriologists and Urartologists, which results from the character of the available sources. Although his Chronicle from Van, describing the first fourteen years of his rule, has been preserved, the last period of Sarduri’s reign is known to us only from Assyrian royal inscriptions and letters from the times of Tiglath-pileser III.
2
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Metsamor: report after the 2019 season

100%
Jakubiak K.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2020
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vol. 29(2)
267-280
EN
The 2019 season in Metsamor confirmed the functioning of the settlement in the Urartian period. House II, discovered during the fieldwork, is the first architectural structure built at the beginning of the Early Iron Age period which, after some possible rearrangements, retained control over the Aras valley during the Urartian kingdom. Pottery discovered there confirms that the already excavated part of the settlement was extensively used after the fall of Urartu. A pit grave dated to the 7th century BC yielded a late Urartian cylinder seal.
3
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Argishti I in the Arax valley: consequences of the conquest

100%
Jakubiak K.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2017
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vol. 26(1)
591-608
EN
The conquest of the fertile Arax valley by Argishti I in the mid 8th century BC was a major point in Urartian imperial policy, the valley having been a target of Urartian expansion from the start. The article outlines Argishti’s actions, including the evidence of violence discovered during recent excavation at Metsamor in Armenia, thus highlighting the dynamics and significance of Urartian expansionism. A contribution is also made to a study of the emergence and development of urban settlement in the Arax valley through an examination of surviving Urartian inscriptions.
4
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Bronze and Iron Age pottery from Metsamor (2018 season)

100%
Iskra M., Zakyan T.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2019
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vol. 28(2)
309-326
EN
A rich and diverse pottery assemblage from the Middle Bronze Age through the Urartian Red Polished Ware and local “post-Urartian ware” of the Iron III period comes from occupational deposits discovered within the lower town of Metsamor during fieldwork in 2018. The stone architecture recorded in this sector functioned in the first half of the 1st millennium BC. The pottery finds thus represent periods from Iron I to Iron III, for the first time producing a detailed sequence for the previously less than satisfactorily documented Iron I phase. New types of pottery were also distinguished for the Urartian and post-Urartian phases.
5
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Hittites et Hourrites dans la Bible

71%
Lipiński E.
The Biblical Annals
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2012
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vol. 2
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issue 1
9-25
PL
Hittites appear quite often in the Bible, as usually translated, and they happen to be related, even nowadays, to the Hittite Empire of the Bronze Age. This understanding of the biblical texts does not take historical data into account. While some passages may allude to Neo-Hittite states of Syria or be inspired by the cuneiform use of Hatti in Iron Age II, other mentions must have referred originally to the North-Arabian tribe Hatti, living in southern Canaan or the Negev and known from the toponymic list of Shoshenq I (10th century B.C.) and certainly from the inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser (8th century B.C.). The case of “Uriah the Hittite” is somewhat different, because the man in question was ewri Hutiya, bearing the Hurrian title “lord” or “king” and a Hurrian personal name. He was apparently continuing the lineage of Hurrian princes of Jerusalem known from some Amarna letters of the 14th century B.C. Hurrian political and military influence in Canaan is well attested, but the Nuzi analogies with patriarchal narratives hardly prove a characteristic Hurrian impact on Israelite customs and the early Hebrew literature. The role of Hurrians, called Horites in the Bible, could no longer be understood properly by the redactors of biblical books, but the realm of Urartu in Iron Age II Anatolia seems to have been known quite well in scribal circles.
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