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EN
This paper presents different types of clausal constituents of the main (matrix) clause in Hausa which are formally independent. Their status of independent (or sentence-initial) clauses is determined by the use of finite verbs in their non-relative form. These clauses are put in place where the nominal constituent is expected in a clausal context. The language sources provide us with the examples of a finite clause following the preposition, genitive linker and pre-object form of the verb. Other manifestations of these structures are simultaneous clauses which are interrelated, as well as fixed clausal phrases with nominal agreement. It is shown that what is marginal or exceptional in some other languages, in Hausa is a part of the regular grammatical means of expression. Along with well-established patterns, 'clauses within clauses' may be also variants of the nominalized structures, which have certain stylistic connotation. This differentiation of clausal constituents within the matrix clause in Hausa is viewed as manifestation of different stages of their grammaticalization which refers to the placement of the clausal structure within a nominal slot.
EN
In the present paper we analyse the Vendler’s accomplishments in Spanish language. The aim of this analysis is to find out how in this group of predicates, “resultativity”, a feature which indicates that an action is not only finished but that it has also reached a result, is realised. In Polish “resultativity”is a differential feature of the prototypical aspectual opposition (czytac/przeczytac).
EN
There is a number of verb-noun combinations which maintain a semantic correspondence with simple verbs (e. g. dar un abrazo — abrazar ‘to give a hug — to hug’). Traditionally, they have been accounted for as consisting of a grammaticalized functional verb which originates from a homonymic main verb, but this kind of account is unsatisfactory. On the one hand, there is no evidence supporting the alleged grammaticalization. On the other, this implies duplicating units and categories. A metaphor-based account, on the contrary, provides a more adequate explanation. First, an ontological metaphor achieves the reification of abstract entities, which then allow for the same kinds of operations as physical objects. This provides a basis for an additional metaphor consisting in some of kind of manipulation. These second-level metaphors do not appear in isolation. Rather, they tend to deploy as consistent networks which develop the original idea. There is no syntactic or lexical innovation. Preexistent units and structures are simply reused through metaphorical extensions which increase polysemy.
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