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The Perfectum Forms and Their Functions in the Lithuanian Dialect of Punsk

100%
Roszko D.
Acta Baltico-Slavica
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2006
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vol. 30
519-531
EN
In the Lithuanian dialect of Punsk (Polish locality at the Lithuanian border) and in the literary Lithuanian simple and compound verbal forms are distinguished. Simple dialectal forms (iterativum - the past iterative tense, praeteritum - the past non-iterative tense, praesens and futurum) reflect the situation known from the literary language. The differences, however, are found in the compound forms. In the literary variant those are forms of 'perfectum' and 'inchoativum'. The Lithuanian dialect of Punsk has no inchoativum forms.The paradigm of dialectal perfectum forms differs from its literary counterpart in two respects. Firstly, there is no copula in the dialectal forms of perfectum praesenti for the 1st and 2nd person, both singular and plural. In the literary language the role of copula is played by a finite form of the verb 'buti' (to be). Secondly, the Lithuanian dialect of Punsk allows the use of a finite form of the dialectal verb 'turec' (literary: tureti) (to have) as a copula. Two essential meanings of the dialectal perfectum are distinguished in the Lithuanian dialect of Punsk: a temporal and a modal one. Temporal meanings are further divided into resultative ones (e.g. dialectal 'Islavus padlagi'. - I have washed the floor. (+ result: the floor is now clean)) and experiential (asserting) ones (e.g., dialectal 'As buvis Vokietijoj. - I have been to Germany. (+ experience: I know how people live there, I know what cities and villages look like etc.). The modal functions, in turn, comprise the following meanings: imperceptive (the speaker reports information while expressing doubts as to its truthfulness), hypothetical (the speaker says that P is possible) and conclusive (based on physical results the speaker says that P is possible). Recently, an influence of literary norms on the dialectal form of perfectum has been observed. This includes the use of finite verb forms of the dialectal verb 'buc' (to be) and the literary 'buti' 'to be' in the function of a copula in the 1st and 2nd persons singular and plural, as well as replacement of dialectal participle forms with their literary equivalents.
2

REDUPLICATION OF VERBAL FORMS IN BENGALI

100%
Rácová A.
Asian and African Studies
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2013
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vol. 22
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issue 2
173 – 207
EN
The study examines the reduplication of non-finite verbal forms (the imperfective participle, perfective participle), verbal roots and finite verbal forms in Bengali. It points out various constraints which apply to the reduplication and classifies types of reduplication of verbal forms. Alongside total reduplication (pure and superadded) and partial reduplication, a definition is also provided for medial reduplication, which is applied in the reduplication of verbs formed by a verb which is joined to other word classes, most often substantives. The functions of particular types of verbal reduplications are also analysed.
3
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Užití kategorie osoby jako výraz nadřazenosti, nebo sounáležitosti?

75%
Cechova M.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2009
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vol. 92
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issue 1
3-12
EN
In this article, changes in the category of person are considered from the functional and pragmatic points of view, based on the analysis of the means expressing person, i.e. personal and possessive pronouns and verbal forms in the 1st-3rd person. By using particular denominative and grammatical means, denotative persons can be emphasized, backgrounded, placed in contrast, etc. The analysis shows a considerable difference between conceptual texts, where the 3rd person is prototypical, persuasive texts, in which the 2nd person is predominant, and formal addresses, in which the 2nd person plural dominates. At the same time, spoken conceptual texts, in comparison with written ones, express universality more often by using verbal forms in the 1st person plural.
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