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Market (forum) and theft in the historical perspective: back to the concept of Paolo Prodi

100%

Bukała M. W.

Prakseologia

2020

vol. 162

131-143

The article concerns the concept of history of the market and the concept of theft (perceived in the broad sense), earlier presented and related to each other in the P. Prodi’s book Settimo non rubare. Furto e mercato nella storia dell’Occidente. The article recalls the sources and main points of reference of Prodi’s ideas: the concept of the specificity of Western civilization as defined by M. Weber, H. Berman’s concept of the „papal revolution”, the notions furtum and restitutio in canon law. The perspectives for the continuation of Prodi’s thoughts in the field of the history of ideas, the history of philosophy and the history of law are discussed. Prodi’s comments on contemporary social changes in the light of the discussed ideas. are also referred to. The significance of different meanings of the term forum is underlined.

Artykuł dotyczy koncepcji historii rynku oraz szerokiego pojęcia kradzieży, które zostały przedstawione w książce P. Prodiego Settimo non rubare. Furto e mercato nella storia dell’Occidente. Prezentowane są źródła i główne punkty odniesienia idei Prodiego (koncepcja specyfiki cywilizacji zachodniej w ujęciu M. Webera, koncepcja „rewolucji papieskiej” H. Bermana, pojmowanie kradzieży i obowiązku restytucji w prawie kanonicznym), oraz perspektywy kontynuacji jego myśli na polu historii idei, historii filozofii i historii prawa, a także uwagi o współczesnych przemianach społecznych w świetle dyskutowanych koncepcji. Kluczowe znaczenie ma rozumienie pojęcia forum, oznaczającego centrum życia społecznego w różnych dziedzinach: politycznej, ekonomicznej /rynek/, religijnej.

Siódme: „Nie kradnij”. O średniowiecznym odkrywaniu rynku na marginesie książki Paola Prodiego

67%

Bukała M. W.

Rocznik Tomistyczny

2018

vol. 7

177-192

In the article, the topic of the medieval „discovering” of the market is discussed, with the references to the Paolo Prodis’ book Settimo non rubare. Furto e mercato nella storia dell’Occidente. The author of the book, following Harold Berman, finds the changes in the 11th and 12th century Church, as the decisive mile stones in the development of the civilization of Western Christianity. The mentioned „papal revolution” led to the historical distinction between the spiritual and the political sphere, and later, to the autonomy of economic one. Accordingly, the Italian historian rejects the thesis that Enlightenment was the new beginning in the European history. In the P. Prodi’s analysis, the Latin term forum plays the crucial role. The word signified the place, square, especially the place where court proceedings occurred. Therefore, in the later abstract sense forum signified criteria or rules of judgement: both in the juridical meaning (forum civile, f. canonico, f. consciantiae), and the economic one, in which forum meant exactly „the market”. The “discovering” of the market rules was a consequence the development of the theoretical reasoning about mercantile activity. It was essentially related to the concepts of the just price (iustum pretium) and the common estimation (communis aestimatio). According to P. Prodi the common character of the estimation was of essential importance, as well as the new version of the Roman rule Res tantum valet, quantum vendi potest, with the medevial addendum: scilicet communiter. The author criticised the view, that the process of defining of the market was mainly the result of reception of Aristotelian Ethics and Politics. He underlined that in the penitential handbooks of the 12th and 13th century the focus was significantly shifted from the vice of avarice to the commandment „You shall not steal”; moreover the significant violation of the rules of fair market exchange begun to be considered as a sin against this commandment. In the article, the significance of the application of the notion forum commune by Thomas Aquinas (in the treatise on credit sale) was underlined. The interconnection between the concept of the market and the idea of common good was expressed in the juxtaposition of terms: forum commune – bonum commune. M. W. Bukała observes that the thesis about the limited influence of Aristotelian thought on the examined issue can be additionally confirmed by the analysis of the Article on mercantile profit in Summa Theologiae by St. Thomas (II-II, q. 77, a. 4), where Aquinas distances himself from the Philosopher’s view. The P. Prodi discourses were amended by the significant distinction: not every violation of ethics of economic life was considered as the theft by the medieval moralists – e.g.: the determinatio of the casus of buying grain with the deferred delivery for an undercut price, in canon „Naviganti” (X 5.5.19, 2do), and in the related comments of the 13th century canonist, Clarus Florentinus. Moreover, the Jacques Le Goff’s critique of the Prodi’s approach was undermined.

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Market (forum) and theft in the historical perspective: back to the concept of Paolo Prodi

Siódme: „Nie kradnij”. O średniowiecznym odkrywaniu rynku na marginesie książki Paola Prodiego