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PL
Artykuł analizuje opodatkowanie podatkiem VAT czynności wniesienia wkładu niepieniężnego do spółek prawa handlowego oraz spółki cywilnej. W sposób kompleksowy omówione zostają kwestie samej kwalifikacji czynności na gruncie ustawy o podatku od towarów i usług, podstawy opodatkowania oraz uzupełniająco dokumentacja transakcji i odliczenie podatku naliczonego. Przedstawione są w tym kontekście zarówno poglądy organów podatkowych, sądów administracyjnych, Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej, jak i opinie doktryny. Autor rozważa sytuacje wniesienia wkładu przez osoby niebędące podatnikami lub niedziałające w tej roli, konsekwencje dostawy przedsiębiorstwa i jego zorganizowanej części oraz szczegółowo omawia spory dotyczące podstawy opodatkowania wkładów do spółek kapitałowych oraz do spółek osobowych.
EN
Abstract: Article analyzes the VAT taxation of in-kind contributions to commercial companies and civil partnerships. The issues related to qualifying a contribution under the Polish VAT Act, the tax bases and, in addition, the topic of documentation of transactions and the input tax deduction are discussed in a comprehensive manner. The views of tax authorities, administrative courts, the CJEU and the opinions of the doctrine are presented in this context. The author considers the possibilities of contributions being made by non-taxable persons or taxable persons not acting in this role, the consequences of the delivery of an enterprise and its organized part, and discusses in detail the disputes concerning the tax base of contributions to companies and partnerships
EN
The article discusses problems referring to legislative the function of Polish administrative courts (judge-made law) based on the example of their judgements concerning tax liability of court executive officers. It describes legal possibilities such as: asking a question concerning law to the Constitutional Tribunal and making a request for a preliminary ruling to the Court of Justice of the European Union, which enable administrative courts to implement the administration of justice and to make law as well.
EN
The main goal of the paper is to study the effectiveness of legal changes introduced in 2016 which were aimed at reduction of the VAT gap in Poland. The study consists of a normative, legal and quantitative analysis of data provided by the Ministry of Finance and shows the financial scale of VAT gap reduction. The thesis put forward in the paper assumes that the changes in law introduced in 2016 made it possible to effectively reduce the VAT gap in Poland and to tighten the system of VAT collection. The author managed to confirm the thesis in the course of the conducted research. The paper also emphasizes that the Polish tax on goods and services is well harmonized with its EU counterpart. Also the activities aimed at combating the phenomenon of VAT fraud seem to have brought positive results. At the same time, the central invoice register which is due to be implemented in July 2019, is expected to be a significant improvement.
EN
The article aims to analyse and assess the amount, stability and importance of Poland’s most important tax revenues. It also attempts to define the main factors which determine their levels. The first section presents characteristic elements of public levies in accordance with the relevant Polish regulations. Next, the determinants of tax revenues and their types that have major influence on the budget incomes, are discussed. The final, empirical part of the study presents the level of tax revenues in Poland and the changes in their structure in 2000–2016.
EN
Tax leakage is a challenge for fiscal organs in many countries which make use of the Value Added Tax (VAT) in their tax system. It is a widespread phenomenon also in Poland. In order to reduce the so called tax loopholes or gaps it is necessary to implement changes in the legal system which will allow to conduct data analysis through information technologies using control algorithms. When it comes to Poland, such analyses can be conducted thanks to the following tools: VAT Standard Audit File for Tax (SAF-T) – in Poland referred to as JPK_VAT file, STIR - the teleinformation system of KIR – the key entity of the Polish payment infrastructure, and the VAT split payment mechanism. The aim of the paper is to present the estimated value of the VAT loophole in Poland and other EU member states in the period 2015–2016, and to point to steps which aim at reducing the size of the gap through application of IT tools.
Oeconomia Copernicana
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2017
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vol. 8
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issue 3
353-366
EN
Research background: Value added tax (VAT) is nowadays the most widely used indirect tax system in developed countries. Value added tax, is an instrument of fiscal policy and also a very important source of income for the state budget. It is one of the universal indirect taxes, which has a significant influence on the price level in the country. The European Union's system of value added tax on goods and services is primarily governed by "the 6th VAT Directive" set by the European Commission. Purpose of the article: The paper deals with the question of how changes in the rates of value added tax influence the buying behaviours of customers. Buying behaviour could be expressed as decisions of customers about spending their own resources such as money, effort and time, on items related to their consumption in order to meet their needs. Methods: The area of the research is the Czech retail food market. Due to the nature of VAT, the influence of this tax on buying behaviour was quantified by price elasticity of demand and indirect tax elasticity of demand, respectively. The article is conceived as a case study, according to the principles of R.K. Yin. The evaluation of buying behaviour is based on real data, which deals with the volumes of sales and sales prices realized in a specific Czech retail chain, which associates more than 200 shops. Findings & Value added: The goal of the study is not only to propose the way to identify buyers' response to the changes in the VAT rate, but also to bring the knowledge about customers? response to the realized changes, and finally to propose how to use this knowledge in a development of pricing strategy in case of further changes in the VAT rate.
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2017
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vol. 62
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issue 5 (376)
87-96
EN
The market of fuels in Poland is worth about 100 billion zlotys. Considering the volume of costs that their prices include (VAT, excise duty, fuel charge), the annual income to the state budget is about 50 billion zlotys. The main problem of the sector is fraud in the sales of liquid fuels. The existence of the grey area here and its potential volume is confirmed with the comparison of the increase in the gross domestic product (GDP) in the years 2011–2016 and the consumption of liquid fuels in the country in that period. According to the data of the Central Statistical Office (GUS), the year-to-year GDP in that period, as at 1st January, increased by 17.9 percent. While the sales of fuels, despite low fluctuation in individual years, stayed at the same level. The increase of the grey area volume shows the lack of effective activities on the part of the state bodies, despite the high number of the entities whose mandate covers regulations and supervision of the market. This issue was examined within NIK’s audit.
EN
The aim of this article is to investigate the relationship between recent changes in the legal structure of tax on goods and services and the realization of the fiscal functions. It is assumed that the changes include change in the basic rate of tax are pro fiscal and contribute to the growth of budget revenue by that tax. The result of analysis actually demonstrated that raising tax rates increased tax revenues to the state budget but only for a period of one year.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zbadanie zależności pomiędzy wprowadzonymi zmianami stawek podatku od towarów i usług a realizacją funkcji fiskalnej. Zakłada się, że wprowadzone zmiany m. in. zmiana stawek podstawowych podatku mają charakter profiskalny i przyczyniają się do wzrostu wpływów budżetowych z tego podatku. W wyniku analizy zostało wykazane, iż istotnie podniesienie stawki podatku od towarów i usług zwiększyło wpływy podatkowe do budżetu państwa, ale tylko na okres jednego roku.
EN
The article presents the history of introducing the Central Registers of Invoices in Poland, on the examples of: Portugal, Spain, Hungary, Italy and Great Britain, as well as Brazil - the leading country from outside the EU, which already in 2002 began the digitization of the process of settling public liabilities for taxpayers. The content analyzes the no longer binding obligation to submit JPK files and the existing obligation to submit JPK_VAT files. The introduction of the Central Repository of Cash Registers was analyzed. The planned introduction of the KSeF system was also taken into account, the degree of implementation of IT systems in Poland compared to the leading EU countries and, contrary to numerous press publications, the thesis was made that, as of October 1, 2020, no Central Invoice Register was created in Poland, because the system used from that date JPK_VAT only replaced JPK files and VAT-7 declarations, without introducing a new obligation to provide all data contained in invoices. Finally, the plans of the Ministry of Finance related to the final implementation of the Central Invoice Register in Poland were presented.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono historię wprowadzania Centralnego Rejestru Faktur w Polsce. W treści przeanalizowano nieobowiązujące pliki JPK oraz funkcjonujące pliki JPK_VAT. Omówiono wprowadzenie Centralnego Repozytorium Kas. Uwzględniono również planowane wprowadzenie systemu KSeF. Wbrew licznym publikacjom prasowym postawiono tezę, że z dniem 1 października 2020 r. nie stworzono w Polsce Centralnego Rejestru Faktur, ponieważ stosowany od tego dnia system JPK_VAT wyłącznie zastąpił pliki JPK oraz deklaracje VAT-7, nie wprowadzając nowego obowiązku przekazywania wszystkich danych zawartych w fakturach. Końcowo przedstawiono plany Ministerstwa Finansów związane z ostatecznym wdrożeniem Centralnego Rejestru Faktur w Polsce.
EN
The purpose of this paper is to analyse how the subject of the performance of public services by public entities and entities performing such services is interpreted by the Court of Justice of the European Union, as regards the status of a VAT taxpayer and the pursuit of business activity. The study analyses the most recent judgments resolving interpretation problems under Articles 9 and 13 of Directive 2006/112 on the common system of value added tax, in order to reconstruct the jurisprudential trend and classification criteria applied by the Court. Both rulings concerning foreign entities and those concerning Polish entities are discussed. The analysis shows the internal contradictions of the jurisprudence and diagnoses the potential problems that may arise from it, both for public entities and for private entities undertaking business relations.
PL
Celem niniejszego opracowania jest analiza, jak zagadnienie realizacji zadań publicznych przez podmioty publiczne oraz podmioty realizujące zadania o takim charakterze jest interpretowane przez Trybunał Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej (TSUE) w świetle statusu podatnika VAT1 i prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej. W tym celu dokonano przeglądu najnowszych orzeczeń rozstrzygających problemy interpretacyjne na gruncie art. 9 i 13 dyrektywy Rady 2006/112/WE z dnia 28 listopada 2006 r. w sprawie wspólnego systemu podatku od wartości dodanej, tak aby można było zrekonstruować linię orzeczniczą oraz kryteria klasyfikacyjne stosowane przez TSUE. Omówione zostały orzeczenia dotyczące zarówno podmiotów zagranicznych, jak i podmiotów polskich. Analiza wykazuje wewnętrzne sprzeczności orzecznictwa oraz diagnozuje potencjalne problemy mogące z nich wynikać tak dla podmiotów publicznych, jak i podmiotów prywatnych nawiązujących stosunki o charakterze biznesowym.
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EN
This article is focused on the issue of tax effects of waivers. There is no unequivocal and comprehensive analysis on this matter in the national legislation. Therefore, legal regulations must be found in various fields of law. The first part of the paper contains essential terminology to adequate understanding of the given issue. While the other part elaborates a set of legal solutions based on judgments and tax interpretations related to tax effects of debt write-off in Personal Income Tax, Corporate Income Tax, and Value Added Tax. The article aims at presenting what tax consequences arise in relation to the creditor as well as the debtor.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy skutków podatkowych umorzenia wierzytelności. W ustawodawstwie polskim nie ma jednoznacznej i wyczerpującej analizy tej materii, a regulacji prawnych należy szukać na gruncie różnych gałęzi prawa. W pierwszej części pracy omówiono terminologię niezbędną do należytego zrozumienia tego zagadnienia. Natomiast w kolejnych, na podstawie wyroków sądów oraz interpretacji indywidualnych, opisano zbiór rozwiązań prawnych dotyczących skutków umorzenia wierzytelności w podatku dochodowym od osób fizycznych, podatku dochodowym od osób prawnych oraz podatku od towarów i usług. Celem opracowania jest wykazanie, jakie konsekwencje podatkowe rodzi omawiane zagadnienie zarówno po stronie wierzyciela, jak i dłużnika.
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