The article presents unusual in Russian cities shoes with multipiece soles found during excavations in Veliky Novgorod in a layer dated to the end of the 12th and 13th century. In the whole assemblage, five such soles have been distinguished.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono nietypowe w miastach ruskich obuwie z wieloczęściowymi podeszwami, znalezionymi w Nowogrodzie Wielkim, w warstwie z końca XII–XIII wieku. W całym zbiorze wyróżniono pięć takich spodów złożonych z kilku fragmentów.
One of the most interesting issues in the history of the Orthodox Church in the Middle Ages is the existence of the strigolniki heresy in the 14th and 15th centuries – a peculiar religious movement contesting the official teaching of the Orthodox Church and negating church hierarchical structures. In this article, the author focused on analyzing the actions of Archbishop Alexius, who was the first clergyman to take decisive action to end the heresy spreading in his eparchy
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