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Letní a celoročně obývané vily a villegiatury v okolí Prahy na konci 19. a v prvých desetiletích 20. století. Příspěvek k proměnám krajiny Čech v procesu modernizace české společnosti

100%
Matoušek V., Koukalová Š., Šášinková M.
Historická geografie (Historical Geography)
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2014
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vol. 40
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issue 1
19-40
EN
The earliest villegiaturas emerged in the vicinity of Prague from the beginning of the 1850s – recreation villa colonies for Prague’s upper middle class. Rural villegiaturas were a peculiar mass manifestation of the life-style of the modern, especially Czech, bourgeoisie as well as an important step towards urbanization of rural landscape. Recreation rural villegiaturas emerged usually in close connection with older rural residences in romantic landscapes, featuring river valleys, abundance of forests, rock formations, ruins of medieval castles and so on. Easy accessibility from Prague provided by modern means of transportation, such as railroads and, to a lesser extent, steamboats, were an important pre-condition for the existence of villegiatura.
2

Positivism Buried Alive? In Defence of Inclusive Legal Positivism

58%
Dyrda A.
Studia Prawnicze
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2010
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issue 2(184)
5-36
EN
The efforts taken by the "soft" (inclusive) positivists (H.L.A. Hart's followers, ie. J. Coleman, W. Waluchow, M. Kramer, K. E. Himma) to defend the legal positivist position (the separability thesis, the social sources thesis) are combined with theoretical references to the moral arguments which are present in judicial practice. Therefore, the inclusive positivists treat the relationship between law and morality as a contingent relationship and try to justify it on the basis of the system’s overriding rule of recognition. This position, as an attempt to find the "golden mean" in theory of law, is criticized both by non-positivists and "hard" positivists. For instance, R. Dworkin or L. Morawski claim that, despite its declarations, soft positivism actually does not respond to the requirements of modern legal practice and is a "degenerated" and stagnant research program. On the other hand, J. Raz contends that due to the incorporation of morality, soft positivism is no longer a real positivism. The article presents a defense of soft positivism, especially against its non-positivistic critics, as well as a version of soft positivism, which can be called a "constructive" one (V. Villa). It also shows that soft positivism, as being consistent with the "spirit" of positivism and complying with the requirements of the present judicial practice, may be justified by reference to postmodern thinking.
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