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EN
The main aim of the present paper is to investigate and describe the nature of synaesthetic devices employed by Vladimir Nabokov evident in his letters to his wife – Vera Slonim. The analysis of the language and style of the matrimonial intimate correspondence, written for one reader only, is expected to provide evidence allowing one to establish whether the numerous variants of perceptual synaesthesia employed by Nabokov in all his literary texts reflect his genuine synaesthetic experiences or whether such can only serve as examples of the writer’s passion for creating a kind of perceptual play on words and puzzles.
EN
This paper explores a Russian translation of Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland made by Vladimir Nabokov in 1923. A significant aspect of its emergence relates to the fact that the target text was created when the writer and many other representatives of the Russian intelligentsia were living in exile. The starting point for the article is the hypothesis that Nabokov’s version is an adaptation. The aim of the paper is to show how adaptive procedures influence the original and what profits and losses they produce. The author focuses on two elements of the book: the names of the characters and literary allusions both filtered through the Russian culture by the translator. Their juxtaposition with the original reveals changes in the semantic layer of proper names and in the formal structure of parodied texts. Nevertheless, this “domestication” also brings a new value. It enriches the target text with an additional therapeutic function which allowed Russian expatriates and their children to deal with hardships of exile and to keep Russian canonical literary works in their minds.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł jest poświęcony rosyjskojęzycznemu przekładowi Alicji w Krainie Czarów Lewisa Carrolla wykonanemu przez Vladimira Nabokova w 1923 roku (Аня в Странe Чудес). Istotnym elementem jego genezy jest fakt, iż tekst sekundarny powstawał w czasie, gdy pisarz, podobnie zresztą jak inni członkowie rosyjskiej inteligencji, przebywał na emigracji. Punktem wyjścia dla rozważań jest potraktowanie Nabokovowskiej wersji jako adaptacji, celem – wskazanie w jaki sposób adaptacyjne zabiegi zniekształciły oryginał, na jakie zyski i straty go naraziły. Autor skupia się na dwóch elementach tytułowej Krainy Czarów: nazwach bohaterów oraz literackich aluzjach przepuszczonych przez tłumacza przez filtr rosyjskiej kultury. Ich zestawienie z oryginałem ujawniło zmiany w warstwie semantycznej antroponimów i układzie formalnym parodiowanych tekstów. Niemniej jednak, udomowienie przyniosło również zyski w postaci wzbogacenia tekstu o funkcję terapeutyczną pozwalającą rosyjskim ekspatriantom przetrwać trudy wygnania i zachować pamięć o utworach należących do rosyjskiego kanonu literackiego.
PL
From its emergence in the 7th century until its fall in 965, the Khazar Khaganate played a decisive role among the tribes and peoples settled in Eastern Europe. The Pax Khazarica contributed to the stabilization of ethnic and political relations in the region, which in turn gave the khaganate a high status in contacts with the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate. The Khazars benefited from the favorable geographic location and the benefits they gained from participating in long-distance trade. With the arrival of Scandinavian newcomers and the development of their settlement in the northern and north-eastern part of the Ruthenian lands (the area around Lake Ladoga and the upper Volga basin), contacts with them played an increasingly important role in the history of the Chaganate in the 9th-10th centuries. Oleg’s taking of power in Kiev and the territorial development of the Ruthenian state was a crucial moment. Although the Khazars maintained a strong position among the peoples and tribes of Eastern Europe during the first half of the 10th century, it was not without difficulties. The reason was the growing activity of the Scandinavians not only among the Slavs who settled in the basin of the Dnieper, Oka and the upper Volga, but also in the lands that were the immediate hinterland of the khaganate (Black Sea region, the mouth of the Volga and the Caspian region). In addition to merchant expeditions, the Varangians organized – with great panache and range - raids of a looting nature (e.g. Prince Igor’s campaigns). It cannot be ruled out that they inuenced the nature of the relationship between the Khazars and their dependent tribes in Eastern Europe. The collapse of the Khaganate, which took place as a result of the war campaigns undertaken by Prince Sviatoslav (965, 969), may indicate a more significant (than previously assumed) internal weakening of the Khazar state. Undoubtedly, it was related to the change in the current system of political and ethnic relations in Eastern Europe, and the actions of the Kiev princes played a decisive role. Another reason was the change in the course of the existing long-distance trade routes, and thus the reduction of the influence that the Khazars obtained from their control. Despite the progress in research on the history of the khaganate, little is known about its relations with the Scandinavians settled in Eastern Europe, as well as with Slavic tribes, including those remaining outside the Khazar sphere of influence, and the consequences of the fall of Khazar domination for the region’s economy. The research conducted so far shows that the influence of the Khazars, although not confirmed in all spheres, was more intense, as evidenced by the reception of the kagan title in relation to the Ruthenian rulers in the 10th-11th centuries.
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