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Kwartalnik Historyczny
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2023
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vol. 130
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issue 1
151-174
EN
The article discusses a recently published book on the attitudes of Lithuanian elites towards the election of Kings Władysław IV and Michał I. Among other things, the methodology used for the publication and the author’s selection of the interregna have been criticised. The reviewed book also became a pretext to recall the thesis on the dynamics of patron-client relations in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and to emphasise the specificity of those relations in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
PL
W artykule omówiono najnowszą pracę na temat postaw litewskich elit wobec elekcji Władysława IV i Michała I. Krytyce poddana została m.in. metodologia zastosowana na potrzeby publikacji oraz dobór bezkrólewi. Recenzowana książka stała się również pretekstem, aby przywołać tezę o dynamiczności układów klientalnych w Rzeczypospolitej oraz podkreślić specyfikę relacji patron–klient w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim.
EN
Emperor’s Ties in the Republic of Poland by Maciej Arnoldin von Clarstein in 1635.The truce signed by Wladyslaw IV with the Swedes in Sztumska Wieś in 1635 made it necessary to dissolve the military enlistments consisting of selected infantry and driving units. The Habsburgs as well as the French were striving for these troops in the face of the ongoing Thirty Years’ War. An imperial deputy, Arnoldin, was sent to the Republic of Poland. He received permission from Władysław IV to recruit soldiers. He succeeded in recruiting more than 5,000 men who took part in the Rhine War in the service of Emperor Ferdinand II. On the other hand, talks with Samuel Łaszcz of the Imperial Commissioners failed in the face of excessive financial demands made by the Crown Guard. The Polish Corps fought in Lorraine, Champagne, Picardy and Burgundy under the command of Gen. Matthias Gallas, giving a large service to the Habsburgs. The second enlistment on the territory of the Republic was carried out in September 1636 and was the work of Spanish diplomacy. In total, more than 15 thousand soldiers were led out of the borders of the Republic of Poland and the Habsburg diplomacy distanced the French diplomacy of Louis XIII.
PL
Podpisany rozejm przez Władysława IV ze Szwedami w Sztumskiej Wsi w 1635 r.spowodował konieczność rozpuszczenia zaciągów wojskowych złożonych z wyborowych oddziałów piechoty i jazdy. O te oddziały zabiegali tak Habsburgowie jak Francuzi wobec trwających działań wojny trzydziestoletniej. Do Rzeczpospolitej wysłano posła cesarskiego Arnoldina , który uzyskał od Władysława IV zgodę na werbunek żołnierzy. Udało się mu zwerbować ponad 5 tysięcy ludzi, którzy wzięli udział w walkach w Rzeszy nad Renem w służbie cesarza Ferdynanda II. Natomiast rozmowy z Samuelem Łaszczem komisarzy cesarskich nie powiodły się wobec wygórowanych żądań finansowych stawianych przez strażnika koronnego. Korpus polski walczył na terenie Lotaryngii, Szampanii, Pikardii i Burgundii pod komendą gen. Matthiasa Gallasa, oddając duże usługi Habsburgom.Drugi zaciąg na terenie Rzeczpospolitej przeprowadzono we wrześniu 1636 r. i był on dziełem dyplomacji hiszpańskiej. W sumie wyprowadzono ponad 15 tysięcy żołnierzy z granic Rzeczpospolitej a dyplomacja Habsburgów zdystansowała w tej kwestii dyplomację francuską Ludwika XIII.
EN
In February 1633, the twenty-one-year-old Janusz Radziwiłł, son of Krzysztof Radziwiłł, arrived in London as an ambassador of the newly-elected Polish King Władysław IV. The specifics of the mission and the young magnate’s stay in England have not hitherto been well researched. Still, thanks to the analysis of new Polish and English primary sources it is now possible to reconstruct them in detail. This material clearly indicates that the young Radziwiłł’s stay in London was not of only strictly ceremonial nature, but it should be interpreted as a manifestation of the new Polish ruler’s active approach to foreign policy, as well as of the importance of the Radziwiłł family in the international arena.
PL
W lutym 1633 r. dwudziestojednoletni Janusz Radziwiłł, syn księcia Krzysztofa Radziwiłła, przybył do Londynu z misją dyplomatyczną zleconą mu przez nowego polskiego władcę Władysława IV. Jej przebieg oraz pozostałe szczegóły pobytu młodego magnata w Anglii nie były dotychczas zbyt dobrze znane. Dzięki analizie nowych polskich i angielskich źródeł jest jednak możliwe ich szczegółowe odtworzenie, a zebrany materiał jednoznacznie wskazuje, że pobyt młodego Radziwiłła w Londynie miał nie tylko stricte ceremonialny charakter i powinien być interpretowany jako jeden z przejawów aktywizacji polityki zagranicznej przez nowego monarchę oraz znaczenia rodu Radziwiłłów na arenie międzynarodowej.
EN
Adam Kazanowski was a close friend and a favorite of King Władysław IV Vasa. Thanks to close ties with the monarch, he made a great political and financial career. This article discusses the educational aspects of the biography of the marshal of the court. On the basis of known sources and available literature on the subject, it is impossible to establish the school that Kazanowski attended. Until now, it seemed that at least his studies in Padua should not be questioned. However, the analysis of his correspondence shows that at the time when his name was recorded in the Paduan sources, he was in Warsaw, since he was sending letters to Krzysztof Radziwiłł from there. Further identification problems are caused by the fact that at about the same time there were four members of the family bearing that very name. While the marshal’s education history remains a mystery, on the basis of his later activity, however, it can be said that he had a good command of foreign languages, was well-versed in history and politics, and accumulated a certain amount of general humanistic knowledge, but still, he did not belong to the intellectual elite. In his case, the journey through Western Europe he made as a retainer of Prince Władysław Vasa from 1624 to 1625 certainly had an important educational impact.
EN
Władysław IV Smolensk campaign is well described both in historical works and sources including diaries of Mikhail Borisovich Shein. One of these diaries now kept Riksarkivet in Stockholm describes military activities from the coming of relief force organized by Władysław IV in September 1633 to the Treaty of Polyanovka signed in June 1634. It contains previously unknown information about battles of Smolensk, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth troops march, complex relationships between hetmans, diffi culties of army provisioning, offi cers and soldiers of various types of units. Th anks to the documents from the theatre of war we are able to reconstruct the structure of the offi cer cadre of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Muscovite forces. Also noteworthy are relations of Registered Cossacks comprised special units of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that came to present in front of the king. Th e Diary mainly describes military activities until the surrender of Shein, leaving little space to describe the struggle on the Biała in spring 1634. Th at event is described in every detail in the diary of John Moskorzewski.
EN
The author discusses the letter of nuncio Mario Filonardi to King Ladislaus IV on April 19, 1638. In this letter the nuncio tries to persuade the king do not nominate an Orthodox bishop for Łuck cathedral, after the death of the uniate Bishop Jeremiah Poczapowski. By law, this bishopric should be taken by Athanasius Puzyna, an Orthodox bishop. The nuncio treated the Orthodox citizens of the Republic not only as “alien” Christians but also as “alien” in the Polish-Lithuanian State. Ladislaus IV was not convinced by Filonardi. The bishopric of Łuck was taken over by Bishop Athanasius Puzyna under the royal privilege of April 20, 1638.
EN
The article discusses selected aspects of the functioning of the Poznań and Kalisz Provincial Assembly in Środa in the times of Władysław IV (1633–1648). Such issues are addressed as the manner of convening the Assembly, its location and duration, as well as the participants of the sessions. The types and functions of the Assemblies and the preserved documentation are discussed and briefly described. The final element is an analysis of problems related to the functioning of the Assembly were analysed, which in the period under discussion were relatively few – the calm and peaceful reign of Władysław IV was conducive to political stability.
EN
The article deals with “Helicon of Polish Apollo” by Jerzy Władysław Judycki, a piece written on the occasion of the wedding of the Polish King, Władysław IV Vasa with a French princess, Marie Louise Gonzaga in 1646. In the text the author presents a literary and editorial frame of the wedding cycle and also attempts at analysing two selected songs, referring to the historical contexts and source texts form that time. It results in indicating differences between the story of events in the epithalamium (King’s participation in celebrations) and historical reality. The text is accompanied by an edition of two songs from “Helicon” uniquely preserved by the Library of the University of Warsaw.
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PL
Artykuł recenzyjny dotyczy monografii Andrzeja Korytki poświęconej senatowi koronnemu jako jednemu z trzech - obok króla i izby poselskiej - stanów sejmujących w okresie panowania Władysława IV Wazy (1632–1648). Senat był izbą wyższą staropolskiego parlamentu, którą tworzyli urzędnicy pochodzący z nominacji królewskiej, pełniący swoje funkcje dożywotnio. W jego skład wchodzili biskupi, wojewodowie, kasztelanowie oraz ministrowie. Książka jest wieloaspektową analizą funkcjonowania senatu koronnego na forum obrad parlamentu za rządów drugiego Wazy, a także poza nim, m.in. na sejmikach ziemskich. The present article reviews Andrzej Korytko’s monograph on the Crown Senate regarded as one of the three - besides the king and the Chamber of Envoys - parliamentary estates under King Władysław IV Vasa (1632–1648). The Senate was the upper chamber of the Polish Parliament, made up of officials appointed for life by the king. The Senate was composed of bishops, palatines, castellans, and ministers. Korytko’s book is a multi-aspect analysis of the functioning of the Crown Senate within the parliamentary forum under King Władysław IV Vasa, and also outside it, for example at dietines.
Pamiętnik Literacki
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2024
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vol. 115
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issue 1
169-188
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza poetyki panegiryków Martina Opitza na cześć dwu polskich osobistości: malarza Bartłomieja Strobla i króla Władysława IV. Ukazując relacje malarza i poety, autor skupia się na relacjach nie tyle podmiotowych, ile estetycznych. Opitz, poruszając się w obrębie kanonu panegiryku uczonego i adresowanego do ludzi uczonych, stara się odmalować słowem zasługi Strobla i chwali go jako vir doctus, teoretyka sztuki. Chodzi zatem o realizację horacjańskiego wyobrażenia ut pictura poesis. Poetyka panegiryku ukazana jest w kontekście wydania „ostatniej ręki” (kompleks gatunkowy sylw) oraz przy uwzględnieniu związanych ze Stroblem epigramatów Opitza, a przede wszystkim w kontekście ustaleń gatunkowych z „Das Buch von der deutschen Poeterei” (Księga o niemieckiej sztuce poetyckiej, 1624). Całkiem inny charakter ma panegiryk na cześć polskiego króla, adresowany – także z politycznej inicjatywy Gerharda von Dönhoffa – do niemieckich innowierców zamieszkujących Polskę. Autor wskazuje na jego pośredniczący charakter i stawia tezę, że utwór mógł być skierowany do elit szwedzkich, co uzasadniałoby nie tylko dynastyczne, ale także etyczne prawa Władysława IV do tronu szwedzkiego.
EN
Analysis of Martin Opitz’s poetics of panegyric pieces in honour of two Polish personages—a painter Bartłomiej Strobel and King Ladislaus IV of Poland—is made subject of the paper. Displaying the relationship between the poet and the king, the author focuses more on the aesthetic connections than on the subjective ones. Opitz, exploiting the canon of erudite panegyric, addressed to learned receivers, attempts to portray Strobel’s achievements, and the painter is praised as vir doctus, namely art theoretician. Thus, what he means is implementation of Horatian image ut pictura poesis. Poetics of the panegyric is presented in the context of “last hand” version (silvae genetics complexity) and with respect to Opitz’s epigrams connected with Strobel, but first and foremost in the context of genetic observations from “Das Buch von der deutschen Poeterei” (“Book of German Poetics,” 1642). The panegyric to honour the Polish King appears totally contradictory in its nature and addresses, besides following Gerhard von Dönhoff’s political initiative, to German infidels inhabiting Poland. The author points at the poem’s mediative character and formulates a thesis that the piece could have been directed to Swedish élites, justifying King Ladislaus IV’s not only dynastic, but also ethical rights to the Swedish throne.
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