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OLOVENÉ PREDMETY ZO SLOVANSKÉHO HRADISKA BOJNÁ-VALY

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The contribution deals with a set of thirteen lead objects found during the 2007 and 2008 excavation seasons on the early medieval hill-fort Valy situated in the administrative area of Bojná (district Topoľčany). The processed objects represent a heterogeneous set in terms of form and their exact functional classification is impossible. Dating of objects is based on the general chronological classification of the hill-fort to the 9th century. Besides these finds there were several remains of modern finds, mostly lead bullets from firearms. In addition to description and analysis of finds the article focuses on lead processing technology in prehistoric times, and special emphasis is laid on the Early Middle Ages. Since the subject of lead utilization throughout the history of Slovakia is little researched, several unpublished lead objects from the different periods have been also included.
EN
Between 1927 and 1990, the Pohanská hillfort in Plavecké Podhradie was repeatedly surveyed and examined using probes. After 2019, the results of laser scanning provided fundamentally more precise information on the shapes of the terrain and the course of the rampart. As a result of illegal activities, four mass finds were added to the collection: three composed of bronze artefacts and one of gold artefacts. The new finds confirm that the main period of settlement in this site in the Bronze Age was the middle and later urn field period, HA2–HB1.
EN
The article deals with the finds from Šenkvice, which were found in 1898. With methods of the archival archeology it was possible to reconstruct the finding circumstances and identify the majority of the finds. Accoding to the letter of Franz Meissl, former mayor of the town Pezinok, a skeleton grave with objects were excavated in the area of the brick factory. Meissl collected them and send the finds to the Hungarian National Museum. He reported about the finding circumstances and enclosed a map of the locality. Only a part of the finds are now in the collection of the National Museum. Most of them belong to the earliest assemblages of the Únětice culture in Slovakia. Bronze jewelry and a clay pot were in grave. These hair rings, a cyprian needle and a tutuli are typical typs of the Únětice culture. From the locality Meissl sent shards of red painted pottery vessels that were typical for the neolith Lengyel culture to the National Museum. The authors anlyzed and evaluated the objects and the other Early Bronze Age finds and localities of Šenkvice.
EN
The subject of the paper is the identification of an unriddled text on an archaeological find – the gilded plaque No. 1 in the village of Bojná (West Slovakia). The text formed part of a portable altar and shrine from the end of the 9th century and its historical-linguistic analysis testifies to the fact that this inscription was most probably made in the vicinity of Nitra (West Slovakia), an important spiritual and cultural centre. This is proved by the first four Glagolic graphemes of the inscription, the fifth grapheme being a testimony of the previous spiritual and cultural Latin tradition. The plaque from the village of Bojná represents one of the oldest preserved records in the Glagolic script and it is a proof of the existence and functioning of a liturgical language of Slavic origin. The linguistic means that have been preserved on the artefacts from the 9th century prove that already at that time the western part of the contemporary Slovakia was a territory which had important social, spiritual and cultural functions and constituted part of the area where Christianity, education and literacy were spreading.
EN
In the year 2013 and 2014 there was carried out an archaeological excavation for scientific and documentation purposes in Čierne Kľačany, location Pri mlyne. The area of the settlement was identified by geophysical measurement, according to which there were selected, and after that excavated, houses foundations belonging to the Lengyel culture located in the south-western part of the settlement. There was collected vast and variable pottery from different time periods during the both working seasons. Except of the Stone Age settlement pits and foundations of Lengyel culture houses with the channels for poles, some objects from the Late Bronze Age and Early Hallstatt Period were also found. There was excavated also a part of Linear culture object: ditch or a moat, 2 m wide and 60 cm deep, with flat bottom indicating, that it’s construction was not finished. Beside the huge amount of Lusatian culture finds, pottery material from the area of Central Danubian and probably also south-eastern Urnfield cultures was identified. Even the poor number of Urnfield cultures settlement pits found in this area, the potsherds was easily differentiated and was dated in the chronological phases HB – HC.
EN
Radiolarite represented one of the most important and most popular domestic raw materials of the Stone Age, with primary sources situated in the West Carpathian Klippen Belt. During the past seven years a surface prospecting was carried out focused on the search for primary sources of siliceous raw materials in the central part of White Carpathians, between Vrsatske Podhradie and Vlara River basin. In the submitted paper the authors pay attention to the summary of present knowledge on radiolarites (from the view of petrography, micropaleontology, geochemistry), and completion of the newest detections on genesis and geological composition of the klippen belt, in which radiolarite occurs. They also present the results of the research on radiolarites in terms of geology, micropaleontology, petrography and geochemistry, acquired by analysing the radiolarites from this area but also from several other selected Central European sources. The authors also performed archaeological excavations which confirmed the acquirement of radiolarite by mining at the two findspots with detected traces of radiolarite extraction (Vrsatske Podhradie and Krivoklat).
EN
The study presents archaeological sources from the 16 sites from the territory of West and South Slovakia. Most of them are hitherto unpublished, sporadic and often fragmentarily researched grave complexes, which date roughly to the 10th century and up to the beginning of the 12th century. Some of the finds come from 10th century Old Hungarian equestrian graves (Cabaj-Čápor - position 1, Komárno, Košice, Lukáčovce and Sereď). However, most of the finds belong to graves of gregarious people (Cabaj-Čápor - position 2, Dolná Streda, Hosťovce, Lúčnica nad Žitavou - part Martinová, Očkov, Skačany, Sládkovičovo - part Malá Mača, Veľké Kosihy, Veľké Lovce, Zlatná na Ostrove and Žitavce). Based on the historic names of the villages Veľké Kosihy and Žitavce, the population buried in the graves belonged to the Old Hungarian tribe Keszi or Gyarmat. Due to the objective and subjective reasons, many artefacts as well as grave and cemetery ground plans have not been included in the publications presenting the results of excavations carried out on these sites. We have now in many cases completed the existing source fund with new partial knowledge of the published cemeteries. Special attention should be given to two equestrian graves from cemetery Sereď I, which were not included in the publication presenting all 10th century of grave finds. We also provide the most comprehensive description and drawing documentation of a sabre and a silver metal tip of a scabbard, which were found near Košice. Unfortunately, we have not yet managed to localize a large part of Old Hungarian finds from the equestrian graves deposited in Podunajské museum in K omárno. In some of the graves of gregarious people we have detected and consequently identified the exact position of the site (Hosťová, Veľké Kosihy, Veľké Lovce, Zlatná na Ostrove and Žitavce).
EN
The subject of the paper is the identification of an unknown text on an archaeological find – the gilded plaque No. 1 from the village of Bojná (West Slovakia). The text formed part of a portable altar and shrine from the end of the 9th century and its historical-linguistic analysis testifies to the fact that this inscription was made most probably in the vicinity of Nitra (West Slovakia), an important spiritual and cultural centre. This is proved by the first four Glagolitic graphemes of the inscription, the fifth grapheme being a testimony of the previous spiritual and cultural Latin tradition. The plaque from the village of Bojná is one of the oldest preserved records in the Glagolitic script and it is a proof of the existence and functioning of a liturgical language of Slavic origin. The linguistic means that have been preserved on the artefacts from the 9th century prove that already at that time the western part of contemporary Slovakia was a territory, which had important social, spiritual and cultural functions and constituted part of the area where Christianity, education and literacy were spreading.
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