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1

FINANCIAL PROVISION FOR WIDOWS IN GDANSK IN THE 17TH - 18TH C. (Zabezpieczenie finansowe wdów w Gdansku w XVII-XVIII wieku)

100%
Kizik E.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
|
2010
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vol. 58
|
issue 1
87-100
EN
In Gdansk, which was the most populated city of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth until the mid 18th c. (50 000 inhabitants), an important social issue was the financial support for widows. The present article explores two aspect of this problem: the legal aspect, which concerns the extent to which widows' interests were protected by the law, and the financial aspect, which concerns the forms of financial support available to widows (private provisions, assistance funds). The analysis was based on legal documents (codices, testaments, statutes) and on accounting documents, both of the city (the cash ledgers of Gdansk) and of the guilds (the books of widow assistance funds). The law operative in Gdansk and other Prussian towns (ius culmense, Kulmer Recht), unlike the Polish law, in the case of intestate procedure gave widows the right to inherit a half of the couple's joint property. Testamentary bequest, which was often used in Gdansk, allowed to increase the widow's or widower's share to 7/8 of the joint property. When the property was substantial, such arrangements provided widows with sufficient financial means; additionally, when guild workshops were inherited, bequest allowed women to keep control over the management of the enterprise. The most common form of providing financial support to widows were special assistance funds organized by professional associations. The first funds were organized in the circle of Lutheran pastors in the city (1634) and in the country areas administered by the city (1666, 1697). In the 18th c. funds became popular in other professional groups and in guilds. The preserved statutes and ledgers of such funds allow for an analysis of their activities, the value of the contributions, the character of cash flows and the granting of allowances in the circle of Gdansk artillerists (the fund worked since 1727), the guild of bricklayers (1705), shipwrights (1747), carpenters (1763), surgeons (1765), bakers (1769) and millers (1792). The article also reflects on the role of private widow funds and individual legacies, which were aimed at supporting poor widows.
2

PRÁVNE POSTAVENIE VDOVY V STREDOVEKOM UHORSKU DO ROKU 1222 A OTÁZKA VENNÉHO

88%
Hudáček P.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
|
2013
|
vol. 61
|
issue 2
227 – 262
EN
In this study, the author is concerned with the position of widows in medieval society. He considers the development of basic ideas about their position on the basis of the decrees of Frankish synods and Early Medieval laws. The main part of the work is devoted to widows in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary during the earliest period from the 11th century to the issuing of the Golden Bull in 1222. The subject of this is the position of widows according to the individual points of the Hungarian law codes of St. Stephen, St. Ladislav and Koloman. The main question is the claim of widows to property and the gradual changes in this area up to the beginning of the 13th century. The main emphasis is placed on the search for the beginnings of the dowry as property, which the woman kept after the death of her husband. The study includes a detailed analysis of the wills of important women, widows, but also widowers. Evidence of the property rights of widows and the first indications of the existence of the dowry are sought in these documents.
3

LEGAL POSITION OF WIDOWS IN MEDIEVAL HUNGARY UP TO 1222 AND THE QUESTION OF DOWER

75%
Hudáček P.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
|
2014
|
vol. 62
|
issue suppl. issue
3 – 39
EN
In this study, the author is concerned with the position of widows in medieval society. He considers the development of basic ideas about their position on the basis of the decrees of Frankish synods and Early Medieval laws. The main part of the work is devoted to widows in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary during the earliest period from the 11th century to the issuing of the Golden Bull in 1222. The subject of this is the position of widows according to the individual points of the Hungarian law codes of St. Stephen, St. Ladislav and Koloman. The main question is the claim of widows to property and the gradual changes in this area up to the beginning of the 13th century. The main emphasis is placed on the search for the beginnings of the dower as property, which the woman kept after the death of her husband. The study includes a detailed analysis of the wills of important women, widows, but also widowers. Evidence of the property rights of widows and the first indications of the existence of the dower are sought in these documents.
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