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The l // l* shift in Kaunas press published in Polish in the Republic of Lithuania in the years 1919-1940

100%
Medelska J.
Acta Baltico-Slavica
|
2005
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vol. 29
87-104
EN
In the present paper the authoress makes an attempt to find the causes of l // l* shift, where l* stands for a Polish consonant graphically represented by a 'crossed l' and pronounced like 'w' in the English word 'wood', encountered in Polish press published in Kaunas in the interwar period. In the texts analysed the frequency of occurrence of the l // l* shift is very high (347 tokens). Moreover, the frequency of curious l is much higher than the number of occurrences of l*. Interestingly, similar frequency and proportion of shifts can be observed in other Kaunas written sources. The explanation of this phenomenon can be twofold: the l // l* shift can reflect the actual pronunciation used in Kaunas in the interwar period or it can be a graphic misinterpretation of the actual pronunciation. Of a number of possible phonetic reasons responsible for this shift, there are several taken into consideration in the present paper: (1) l* is a front-lingual consonant and it is typical of both East Slavic languages as well as Lithuanian; (2) there is a tendency of using front l* instead of a hard all-Poland l (as in 'al*e' or 'tyl*ko'); (3) the influence of Lithuanian in which the consonants l* and l not only display differences in softness but also a partially different distribution when compared with their Polish equivalents (e.g. l* does not occur in the following contexts: before front vowels, before soft consonants, as a final sound); (4) hypercorrectness; (5) lexical influence of l / l* equivalents occurring in Belorussian and Russian; (6) the preservation of traditional pronunciation (e.g. Baltyk); (7) analogical alignments (e.g. 'pomylka' due to 'pomylic', 'szkol*ny' due to 'szkol*a'). The second, highly probable, source of l // l* shift mentioned above is a graphic misinterpretation of l // l* pronunciation, which might occur under the influence of Lithuanian spelling rules. Namely, in the Lithuanian alphabet there is one graphic symbol, i.e. l, used to encode both 'l' as well as 'l*', and the phonetic realization of the letter 'l' is dependent on the grapheme which follows it.
2

Written language as the object of acquisition

88%
Lengyel Z.
Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)
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2004
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vol. 128
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issue 1
94-103
EN
This paper analyses the issue of language acquisition in a psycho- and sociolinguistic perspective, discussing its behaviourist, maturational and constructionist theories. All these approaches share the feature that, with respect to language acquisition, they take both an innate language faculty and a set of environmental effects into consideration. The various approaches mainly differ in terms of the proportions of influence they attribute to each of these components. Another shared feature is that most approaches usually restrict the issue of language acquisition to the acquisition of the spoken form of one's native language. However, evidence is accumulating that, due to environmental factors, a simultaneous acquisition of the written and spoken versions of the mother tongue cannot be excluded, either. This paper presents detailed data concerning the linguistic development, with respect to written language, of a child between the ages of 2 and 4. The phenomenon analysed here, the pre-school acquisition of the written form of a child's native language, raises not only theoretical problems but also those of a very practical nature in connection with mother tongue education.
3
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Vachkův pohled na jazykový systém a jazykové normy

75%
Urbanová L.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2010
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vol. 92
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issue 1-2
49-54
EN
In her paper the author recalls her collaboration with the great Czech and world-known Anglicist Josef Vachek, and characterizes his view of the development of the language system. She compares his philosophy of language with that of Wilhelm von Humboldt, who likewise understood language changes as the result of cooperation between internal factors, originating in the language system, and external factors, operating in consonance with ever-changing extralinguistic reality. The paper deals with Vachek’s view of language, which he regards as having two autonomous and complementary language norms: written and spoken. The author presents her position on the shifting borderline between the spoken and the written language in contemporary communication. She compares Vachek’s assessment of the two norms with the British and American approaches as represented especially by M. A. K. Halliday and W. Chafe.
4
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Analýza článků Františka Čermáka věnovaných jazykové kultuře

63%
Chromy J.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2009
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vol. 70
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issue 2
128-139
EN
This article is concerned with texts by Frantisek Cermak devoted to issues of Czech language cultivation. Four major topics are analyzed: standard vs. common Czech, written vs. spoken Czech, prescriptivism and the native language of Czechs. Various problems in the analyzed texts result from an unclear methodological background. Many concepts are used without argumentation: Cermak fails to substantiate their suitability for his language description. We can find uncorroborated generalizations which can be interpreted as Cermak's communicative strategy. Many statements are rather impressionistic and are not based on relevant language observations. With regard to these findings, the author of this paper argues that a deep-reaching dialogue should be held, which may help to clarify the indeterminate situation in Czech linguistics concerning issues of language cultivation.
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