Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 18

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  Warmia and Masuria
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
EN
The article deals with the fear that manifested itself in the history of Warmia and Masuria. Its particular significance was evident when confronted with the plague, which spread easily, decimating the local population. Panic manifestations were observed especially during the plague and cholera epidemics. The lack of proper recognition of the disease generated erroneous control decisions, which exacerbated negative attitudes among local communities. Extraordinary circumstances led to the disruption of traditional rhythms of life and customs, especially regarding the handling of the sick and the dead. The plague, interpreted in a religious spirit, was associated with punishment sent by God. In order to propitiate or atone for it, shrines were founded, vows were taken, pilgrimages were made, processions were initiated, and chapels and crosses were erected. The authors of several monographs that dealt with these problems focused on the course of the epidemic, the ordinances of state authorities, and methods of treatment, especially in the perspective of the medical knowledge of the time. These publications, however, treated the issue of fear that accompanied the spread of the plague merely marginally. The research method is an analysis of the existing literature on diseases in order to demonstrate the importance of fear as an efficient cause in the history of the community.
EN
The article was prepared in connection with the 90th anniversary of Polish education in Warmia and Masuria. It shows the collections of the Museum of Warmia and Masuria in Olsztyn, related to the professional and social activity of Bronisław Chabowski (1892–1942), who in 1929–1934 worked in Polish schools in Warmia. Descriptions of documents and photographs are a pretext to present applicable legal provisions, which in the interwar period regulated the functioning of education in the Polish state as well as the education of the German minority, enabling these to be presented in a broader historical context. At the same time, they enable the fate, professional career, educational and cultural and social activities of Polish teachers to be reconstructed through the prism of individual life events. The analysis of B. Chabowski’s team also gives a picture of the typical personality of a Polish teacher who decided to work in schools founded in Warmia from 1929. In the vast majority of cases they were people with pedagogical and organisational skills, who had artistic and social passion.
EN
The June 1989 elections to Sejm and Senate were conducted as a result of the Round Table agreement between the PRL government and parts of the opposition, gathered around the Citizens’ Committee led by the Head of NSZZ “Solidarność”, Lech Wałęsa. The elections were an important step towards overthrowing the Communist system, regardless of serious concerns about their formula, sanctioned by an ordinance with a non-democratic division of mandates in the Sejm which was to guarantee majority to the ruling camp. In the House of ”Gazeta Olsztyńska”, Branch of the Museum of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, it is possible to find nearly 1.5 thousand inventory units; this collection of materials gathers mostly items made by all-Poland structures, but also contains those of the regional NSZZ “Solidarność” circles in the years 1980–1989. The article discusses over three hundred records of social life during the election-related campaign and the parliamentary elections of 1989, distinguished from the overall volume of available sources. These are mainly posters, photographs, banners, stickers, flyers, along with forms, instructions, trade union bulletins and election guides. Particular attention is devoted to those manufactured by the “Solidarność” Citizens’ Committee of Warmia and Masuria.
EN
Along with the change in the agricultural policy in 1948 that was inspired by the Kremlin and imposed during the 2nd Cominform in Bucharest, the collectivisation of the rural area became a doctrinal issue in the agricultural policy of Communist states. Apart from the direct methods of collectivisation that concerned strong administrative and economic pressures towards the peasants, the authorities also undertook actions that were to introduce the production cooperatives in a more clouded manner. These included, among others, establishing self–help villages, joint agreements between the villagers and State Machinery Centres (Pol. Państwowe Ośrodki Maszynowe, POM) for machinery services for their fields, developing simple forms of agricultural cooperation in the arbitrarily created units for cultivation, grassland, farming, etc. These activities, aided by a system of concessions and preferences, brought certain results, especially towards the end of the discussed period. They prove the wide array of measures and methods used by the Communist authorities in their attempts at collectivisation.
EN
The paper discusses the execution of the laws of the 3rd Plenum of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers’ Party (KC PZPR) (11–13 November 1949) in terms of verifying its members on the example of Julian Sekita (1897–1989) – a lawyer with pre–war experience in the judiciary – the first President of Regional Court in Olsztyn in the years 1945–1949. From the viewpoint of particular Party members or candidates that were affected by the cleansing of ranks, both the content of the accusations and the mechanism of deciding on their exclusion were crucial. Depriving someone of the Party card while the totalitarian state was being built often meant losing their professional standing and actual elimination from the broadly understood public sphere. In practice, it led to defensive mechanisms among the excluded, such as appeals to Party instances directly superior to the basic organisations. Eventually, the decisions on approving, changing or repealing the punishments belonged to voivodeship–level Party control committees. It was a crucial issue, especially for those Party members who faced charges of ideological nature that situated them in the category of class enemies.
EN
The essence of the considerations are Catholic educational and care institutions in the regions of Warmia and Masuria since the end of II World War till the end of school year 2016/17 (without reflecting on structural changes of the system of education connected to the currently introduced school reform based on the act from 14th of December 2016 – Law on School Education). The work is, however, narrowed to specify the activities of kindergartens and schools for children and youth.The first part of the article is an essential introduction to the topic and it refers to Catholic education on Warmia and Masuria since 1945, with the description of church education formation in these regions. The second and the third parts relate to the core of the considerations presented in the title, with the distinction of two periods. The first one refers to the times of Polish Peoples Republic – and discusses fighting with everything Church – connected, consequently also destructing Catholic education. The second period focuses on revival of Catholic kindergartens and schools in the times of political transformation and afterwards – it started in the discussed regions when the Archdiocesan Kindergarten (Olsztyn 1989) came to life. Consequently, in 2016 there were 16 Catholic facilities in Warmia and Masuria.The analysis of documents indicates that in the years 1945-1989, the times of prevailing communist regime, these institutions spread faith as well as the freedom of speech and beliefs. Whereas, in the contemporary social reality, overwhelmed by relativism – they are a crucial source of upbringing to values.
PL
Podjęte rozważania odnoszą się do katolickich placówek edukacyjnych funkcjonujących na Warmii i Mazurach od zakończenia II wojny światowej do roku szkolnego 2016/2017 włącznie (bez wkraczania w zmiany struktury systemu oświaty związane z aktualnie wprowadzaną reformą szkolną, opartą na ustawie z dnia 14 grudnia 2016 roku – Prawo oświatowe). Ograniczono się do działania przedszkoli oraz szkół dla dzieci i młodzieży. Pierwsza część artykułu stanowi wprowadzenie w tematykę i dotyczy oświaty katolickiej Warmii i Mazur do 1945 roku – z wyjaśnieniem specyfiki kształtowania się na tych terenach szkolnictwa kościelnego. Druga i trzecia część rozważań obejmuje natomiast istotę przedstawionego w tytule zagadnienia. Najpierw przedstawiono stan tych placówek w czasach Polskiej Rzeczpospolitej Ludowej, które na omawianym terenie podlegały niszczeniu, tak jak w całym kraju. Następnie scharakteryzowano odradzanie się i rozwój edukacyjnych instytucji katolickich w regionie warmińsko-mazurskim w latach 1989–2017 – co rozpoczęło się wraz z powołaniem do życia Archidiecezjalnego Przedszkola w Olsztynie (1989). Analiza dokumentów archiwalnych oraz opracowań dotyczących funkcjonowania przedszkoli i szkół katolickich na Warmii i Mazurach wskazuje, że w latach 1945–1989 niniejsze placówki krzewiły w tym regionie wiarę oraz wolność słowa i przekonań w obliczu panującego reżimu komunistycznego, natomiast we współczesnej rzeczywistości społecznej – przepełnionej relatywizmem – stanowiły jedno z edukacyjnych ogniw wychowania do wartości.
Zapiski Historyczne
|
2022
|
vol. 87
|
issue 2
89-116
EN
This article is devoted to the negative phenomena that accompanied the process of settlement in the southern areas of East Prussia, which was incorporated into Poland in 1945. Violence, robbery, and pillage committed by the Polish population from the border areas of the Second Polish Republic, who unlawfully entered the territory of the former East Prussia, entailed long-term social and economic consequences in the southern areas of Warmia and Masuria. So far, this issue has only been mentioned in works devoted to the settlement processes in Warmia and Masuria. The purpose of this article is to examine the course and effects of the aforementioned phenomena, whose particular intensity was noted between 1945 and 1946. The text is based on a critical analysis of unpublished archival sources of local and central administration, including materials produced by local structures of the Public Security Bureau. The research was supplemented by an analysis of printed sources and memoirs. The findings made it possible to investigate and describe the involvement of the officers of the Citizens’ Militia and the Public Security Bureau in the acts of violence, robberies and pillage in Warmia and Masuria, which have not been previously accounted for in literature. As it turned out, the majority of these officers came from the same areas as the so-called ‘wild settlers’ and looters.
EN
The aim of this paper is to point to the ways of narrating history in the reportages written after 1945 and concerned with the issues of land disinheritance, culture and language of people living in the Warmia and Masuria region, as well as, in the case of the Masurians, religion after the territorial changes which took place after the Second World War. A certain regularity can be noticed in these reportages. It consists in creating narration about the past and approaching present-day literature, with the authors acting as moralizers rather than merely as informers who present their knowledge of facts. This phenomenon could be observed just after the war, later in the times of the Polish People’s Republic, and can be observed nowadays when reporters want to revive a forgotten topic.
PL
W artykule została przeprowadzona analiza wypowiedzi mieszkańców Warmii i Mazur zanotowanych w czasie badań dialektologicznych prowadzonych w latach pięćdziesiątych XX wieku. Obserwacji poddane zostały zapisane opinie i sądy, będące przejawami świadomości językowej ludności. Bardzo liczne wypowiedzi tego typu dotyczyły słownictwa, umiejętności rozróżniania i używania wyrazów gwarowych, ogólnopolskich i niemieckich. Autochtoni wykazywali się także dobrą orientacją w zagadnieniach fonetycznych – zwracali uwagę na mazurzenie (określali je mianem szczypania) i wymowę samogłosek nosowych. W związku z sytuacją polityczną w pierwszej połowie XX wieku wykazywali zainteresowanie pochodzeniem rodzimej gwary i jej stosunkiem do innych języków (polskiego, niemieckiego) i funkcjonowaniem w społeczeństwie. Wypowiedzi Warmiaków i Mazurów ukazują także pozytywne emocje łączące się z językiem przekazywanym dzieciom zwłaszcza przez kobiety (matki, babcie, prababcie).
EN
This article analyzes statements of the inhabitants of Warmia and Masuria recorded during dialectological research in the 1950s. Observations have been made of opinions and judgments that are manifestations of the linguistic awareness of the population. Numerous statements of this type concerned vocabulary, the ability to distinguish and use dialectal words, national and German. The autochthons also showed good awareness of phonetic issues – here they pointed to mazurzenie (they called them szczypanie ‘tingling’) and the pronunciation of nasal vowels. In connection with the political situation in the first half of the twentieth century, they remained interested in the origin of the native dialect and its relation to other languages (Polish, German) and functioning in society. The statements from Warmia and Masuria also show positive emotions connected with the language, transmitted to children especially by women (mothers, grandmothers, great-grandmothers).
EN
The aim of the article is an attempt to present the history of measurement in the lands of the former East Prussia, now Warmia and Mazury, in the years 1868 - 1966. The article outlines the introduction of the metric system in the emerging German Empire and East Prussia, as well as the expansion of the metric offices which fell to Poland in the post-war years. The expansion of the Polish weights and measures administration and its post-war problems are also presented. Everything was enriched with many interesting illustrations to make the reader even more curious. The article is certainly not exhaustive due to the scanty amount of source materials, which the author is aware of, but it will certainly be a beginning for further research and scientific studies.
PL
Celem artykułu jest próba przedstawienia dziejów miar na terenach dawnych Prus Wschodnich, a obecnie Warmii i Mazur, na przestrzeni lat 1868 - 1966. W artykule nakreślono wprowadzanie systemu metrycznego w powstającym Cesarstwie Niemieckim i Prusach Wschodnich oraz rozbudowę sieci urzędów miar, które w powojennych latach przypadły Polsce. Przedstawiono także rozbudowę polskiej administracji miar oraz jej powojenne problemy. Wszystko zostało wzbogacone o szereg ciekawych ilustracji, by jeszcze bardziej zaciekawić czytelnika. Artykuł z pewnością nie wyczerpał tematu z uwagi na skąpą ilość materiałów źródłowych, czego autor jest świadom, jednak z pewnością będzie on przyczynkiem do dalszych poszukiwań i badań naukowych.
EN
The article discusses the natural and environmental relationships between people and beavers in the former Prussia (present Warmia and Masuria) from the earliest periods to the present day. It characterises the natural habitat of the beaver which belongs to the largest rodents of Eurasia. Otokar Rudke – the forest district manager from Kudypy near Olsztyn – played a very important role in the development and management of the beaver reserve on the Pasłęka river after the World War II . The documents handed over by his heirs as well as those found in the archives of the Directorate of State Forests and the Institute of National Remembrance, allowed to present this ouststanding personality’s biography and his role in the protection of beavers. The end of the article points out the current number of beavers in Warmia and Masuria region and damages resulting from their existence. This text can be used for comparative studies in other Polish regions and Europe.
PL
Artykuł omawia wzajemne oddziaływania przyrodnicze i środowiskowe ludzi i bobrów na terenie ziem pruskich (Warmii i Mazur) od czasów najdawniejszych po współczesność. Charakteryzuje środowisko bytowania bobra, który należy do grupy największych gryzoni Eurazji. Bardzo ważną rolę w tworzeniu i zarządzaniu rezerwatem bobrowym na rzece Pasłęce po II wojnie światowej odegrał nadleśniczy z podolsztyńskich Kudyp – Otokar Rudke. Dokumenty przekazane przez jego spadkobierców, a także znalezione w Archiwum Dyrekcji Lasów Państwowych oraz Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej, pozwoliły na zaprezentowanie biografii tej nietuzinkowej postaci i jej roli w ochronie bobrów. Zakończenie artykułu wskazuje na obecny stan liczebny bobrów w województwie warmińsko-mazurskim i szkody wynikające z ich bytowania. Tekst ten może być wykorzystany do badań komparatystycznych w innych regionach Polski i Europy.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono dynamikę rozwoju województwa warmińsko-mazurskiego na podstawie analizy zmian poszczególnych komponentów jego rozwoju z uwzględnieniem danych statystycznych z lat 2004–2009. Badania oparto na bazie czynników kształtujących rozwój społeczny i gospodarczy województwa warmińsko-mazurskiego.
EN
This paper presents the dynamics of the development of the Warmian and Masurian wojewodship based on the analysis of the changes in the basic components of its development as results from the statistical data ascertained over the period from 2004–2009. The investigation is based on parameters that affect the socioeconomic development in the Warmian and Masurian wojewodship.
EN
In the post-war Warmian-Masurian literature, the attitude of new inhabitants to the Prussian-German heritage wasn't the main topic. Literary arts provide the dominating aversion or even the hostility to the existing heritage, which allows to devastation mainly the symbols. Few authors underlined the unique of the cultural heritage and appeal for security. It has to be stated that literate records reflect the real attitude new inhabitants to the south districts of old Eastern Prussia. The domesticate in the past-war years could not taken place.
14
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Regionalizm na Warmii i Mazurach

63%
PL
Celem tego artykułu jest ukazanie instytucjonalnego wymiaru regionalizmu na Warmii i Mazurach. Z regionu po 1945 r. wyemigrowała większość etnicznych Warmiaków i Mazurów, pomimo tego inteligencja rodzimego pochodzenia organizowała instytucje, których działalność można nazwać „starym regionalizmem”. Mimo ograniczeń nakładanych przez peerelowski socjalistyczny nacjonalizm starano się zachować i propagować regionalną kulturę. Przełom roku 1989 przyniósł pojawienie się instytucji, które dążyły do budowania nowej regionalnej kultury i tożsamości. Chodziło o stworzenie syntezy kultur i tożsamości wszystkich grup zamieszkujących Warmię i Mazury. Nowy typ działalności można zasadnie określić mianem „nowego regionalizmu”.
EN
The aim of this article is to describe regionalism in the Warmia and Mazuria region. Although the majority of indigenous inhabitants emigrated from the region after 1945, some intellectuals who did not leave Poland established several organizations that focused on activities which may be described as ‘old regionalism’. Taking into account the political context, they tried to save the regional culture. After 1989 (the beginning of the transition period in Poland) new organizations were founded. Their members try to create a new type of regional culture and identity – a synthesis of cultures and identities of all cultural and ethnic groups living in Warmia and Mazuria. These new kinds of activities should be called ‘new regionalism’.
PL
Decyzją traktatu wersalskiego z 1919 r. na Warmii i Mazurach miał zostać przeprowadzony plebiscyt w celu określenia przynależności spornych terenów do Polski lub Niemiec. Odbył się on 11 lipca 1920 r., w najmniej pożądanym dla Polski czasie, bowiem do Warszawy zbliżały się już wojska bolszewickie. Niemcy oparli swoją propagandę plebiscytową na podkreśleniu tymczasowości polskiej państwowości, budowaniu świadomości „małej ojczyzny” pruskiej oraz straszeniu polskim katolicyzmem. Plebiscyt przyniósł całkowitą klęskę polskiej racji stanu. Tylko 3,4% ludności zagłosowało za przynależnością do Polski. Adam Chętnik, znany działacz Kurpiowszczyzny, zaangażowany był przez cały okres międzywojenny w działania zmierzające do uświadomienia pogranicza kurpiowskomazurskiego i pokazania historycznych oraz kulturalno-gospodarczych powiązań terenów położonych po jednej i drugiej stronie granicy. W późniejszym czasie, już po plebiscycie, wyjaśniał, że „Mazur-ewangelik” jest takim samym Polakiem jak Polak-katolik. Profetycznie głosił, że w przyszłości Prusy Wschodnie będą należały do Polski.
EN
Following the decision of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, in Warmia and Masuria a plebiscite determining the affiliation of the disputed areas with Poland or Germany was to be held. It took place on 11 July 1920, during the least desirable time for Poland as the Bolshevik forces were already approaching Warsaw. Germany based its plebiscite propaganda on emphasizing the temporality of the Polish state, building awareness of the “small homeland” of Prussia and threatening with Polish Catholicism. The plebiscite ended in a complete loss of the Polish reason of state. Only 3.4% of the population voted for the affiliation with Poland. Adam Chętnik, a prominent Kurpian activist, was involved throughout the whole interwar period in activities aimed at raising awareness of Kurpian-Masurian borderland and showing the historical and cultural-economic connections between the lands on both sides of the border. Later, already after the plebiscite, he explained that a “Masurian-evangelical” is the same Pole as a Pole-Catholic. He predictively claimed that East Prussia would belong to Poland in the future.
EN
The aim of the article is a description of the activity of POP PZPR at ZLP in Olsztyn in the sphere of developing of local literary environment and a character of literature which was written in this area. The analysis aims at establishing the role of POP as for: aims of the literature, assessment of conditions of the writers’ work and the relations with other organizations. The subject of analysis are the archives POP PZPR at Olsztyn department of ZLP which are kept in Archiwum Państwowe in Olsztyn.
PL
Celem artykułu jest opis działalności POP PZPR przy ZLP w Olsztynie w sferze kształtowania miejscowego środowiska literackiego i charakteru literatury pięknej tu powstającej. Analiza zmierza do ustalenia roli POP w zakresie: zadań literatury pięknej, oceny warunków pracy literatów oraz relacji z innymi organizacjami. Materiałem analitycznym są archiwa POP PZPR przy olsztyńskim oddziale ZLP przechowywane w Archiwum Państwowym w Olsztynie.
EN
When the Second World War has finished, the new authorities of Poland depend on the rapid process of adaptation and integration of people in new lands. This target was achieved by creation of new myths helping to know and settle in the Recovered Territories. The one of the myths, which can be referred to literary prose is the myth of the Wild West. Moving it to the Warmian and Masurian literature can expand the multidimensional interpretation of literary by finding the conscious or unconscious authors games with the Western convention. Among the many parallels to the settlement of the Wild West in the literature of Warmia and Masuria can be listed: the category of unknown lands colonized by migrants and settlers often expecting a quick profit, business pioneers, the lack of a stable government and general chaos. Among the hero colonizers inhabiting the lands there can be identified some bandits – members of the robber mafias or former guerrillas – “forestry”, the sheriffs – usually representatives of the new government, security agencies and the police. Western scheme has not been fully described in any of discussed poems of Warmia and Masuria, so the myth of the Wild West can not be used as the key to overall reading of analyzed texts. It is, however, a contribution to a multifaceted collection of literature, which often requires ideologically and schematic nature of special kind of contemplation.
PL
Obecnie w województwie warmińsko-mazurskim aż trzynaście miast spośród czterdziestu dziewięciu w swoim herbie przywołuje świętych, postacie biblijne lub atrybuty i symbole z nimi związane. Wizerunek Matki Bożej widnieje na tarczy herbowej trzech warmińsko-mazurskich miast: Iławy, Fromborka i Pasymia. Jan Chrzciciel patronuje miastu Pisz. W miejskich herbach na terenie Warmii i Mazur swoje miejsce znaleźli także apostołowie: św. Jakub (Olsztyn), święci Piotr i Paweł (Olsztynek, Pieniężno) oraz św. Jan (Zalewo, Kisielice). W omawianym regionie w herbach miast znajdują się nie tylko postacie biblijne, ale również i postacie świętych, tj. św. Katarzyna patronuje miastu Działdowo, św. Rozalia miastu Susz, zaś św. Jerzy identyfikowany jest z miastem Ostróda.
EN
Fourteen cities of the forty-nine evoke currently the saints, biblical figures or symbols and attributes associated with them in their coats of arms in the province of Warmia and Masuria. The image of Our Lady appears on the shield of cities: Iława, Frombork and Pasym. John the Baptist is the patron of Pisz. The apostles find also their place in urban coats of Warmia and Masuria: St. Jacob (Olsztyn), St. Peter and Paul (Olsztynek, Pieniężno) and St. Jan (Zalewo, Kisielice). There are not only biblical figures, but also persons of saints in the coats of the cities, ie. St. Catherine in Działdowo, St. Rozalia in Susz and St. George is identified with the city of Ostróda.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.