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EN
British political practice has played a key role in shaping the political and legal systems of the nations of the Commonwealth. Among the Commonwealth member states are Kiribati, which became the subject of interest in the British Empire in the second half of the 18th century. White colonizers at the end of the 19th century took over the protectorate over the islands, which in 1916 was converted into a British colony. In the mid-1970s, the colonies split into two parts. Independent status of Kiribati was proclaimed definitively in 1979. Considering the international aspect, it has been a sovereign member of the United Nations since 1999. On the other hand, on the basis of constitutional solutions, like many other states that were once part of the British colonial Empire, Kiribati adopted and implemented the foundations of the Westminster model of democracy. Through the evolution of the system, gradually moved away from the traditional pattern, giving way to other concepts of government and politics. However, there is no justification for Kiribati’s complete denial of the original assumptions of the Westminster model of governance for other constitutional solutions. It will be more convincing to conclude that Kiribati now has a mixed system of government: it has got the elements drawn on the British tradition as well as taken from the presidential system.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia problematykę dotyczącą pozycji ustrojowej parlamentu w jednym z największych państw subregionu Południowego Pacyfiku – Papui–Nowej Gwinei. Kształtując swój system prawno-ustrojowy, państwo to obficie czerpało z praktyki brytyjskiej. Ów proces zapoczątkowany w pierwszej dekadzie XX wieku na skutek rządów australijskich, trwał do momentu osiągnięcia przez to państwo niepodległości w 1975 roku. W jego konsekwencji przyjęto wszystkie podstawowe cechy demokracji westminsterskiej wraz z unitarną formą rządów oraz unikameralnym parlamentem. Przeprowadzona analiza pozwoliła wskazać, że charakter papuaskiej demokracji ewoluował na przestrzeni lat, w związku z czym część elementów modelu westminsterskiego stała się nieadekwatna i mało skuteczna. Przemiany te dotyczyły głównie nadrzędnych struktur państwowych, w tym parlamentu. Obecnie jest to organ w coraz większym stopniu kontrolowany przez egzekutywę, który zatracił swój pierwotnie przedstawicielski charakter. W opracowaniu zastosowano metodę analizy źródeł prawa i analizy krytycznej oraz metodę opisową. Tekst podzielony został na trzy zasadnicze części oraz wstęp i zakończenie.
EN
The article presents the issues of the political position of the parliament in one of the largest states of the South Pacific subregion – Papua New Guinea. Shaping its legal and political system, the state profoundly derived from the British practice. This process was initiated in the first decade of the 20th century as a result of Australian rule, which had lasted by that time the state gained its independence in 1975. As a consequence, all the basic features of Westminster democracy were adopted, with the unitary form of government and the unicameral parliament. The analysis allowed to indicate that the character of Papuan democracy has evolved over the years, and therefore some elements of the Westminster model have become inadequate and not very effective. These changes concerned mainly superior state structures, including the parliament. It is a body increasingly controlled by the executive nowadays, that lost its original representative character. In this article, the author has adopted the following research methods: an analysis of legal sources and a critical analysis as well as a descriptive method. The text was divided into three main parts and the introduction and the conclusion.
PL
The article presents the issues of the political position of the parliament in one of the largest states of the South Pacific subregion – Papua New Guinea. Shaping its legal and political system, the state profoundly derived from the British practice. This process was initiated in the first decade of the 20th century as a result of Australian rule, which had lasted by that time the state gained its independence in 1975. As a consequence, all the basic features of Westminster democracy were adopted, with the unitary form of government and the unicameral parliament. The analysis allowed to indicate that the character of Papuan democracy has evolved over the years, and therefore some elements of the Westminster model have become inadequate and not very effective. These changes concerned mainly superior state structures, including the parliament. It is a body increasingly controlled by the executive nowadays, that lost its original representative character. In this article, the author has adopted the following research methods: an analysis of legal sources and a critical analysis as well as a descriptive method. The text was divided into three main parts, the introduction and the conclusion.
PL
„Gabinet cieni” powoływany przez największą partię opozycyjną w Izbie Gmin stanowi nieodłączny element westminsterskiego systemu rządów. Praktyka jego tworzenia została zapoczątkowana w Wielkiej Brytanii w drugiej połowie XIX w., gdzie przechodziła znaczącą ewolucję związaną z koordynowaniem strategii opozycji umożliwiającej przekształcenie się w gabinet rządowy, a także z oficjalnym uznaniem pozycji lidera partii opozycyjnej, który od 1937 r. otrzymuje stałe wynagrodzenie. Współczesne i zarazem stałe powoływanie ministrów cieni będących jednocześnie rzecznikami opozycji w konkretnych sprawach ministerialnych datuje się od długich rządów Partii Konserwatywnej (1951–1964) wobec których Partia Pracy sformułowana oficjalny „gabinet cieni”. Celem artykułu było ukazanie genezy „gabinetu cieni”, określenie jego zadań oraz pełnionych funkcji w westminsterskim modelu rządów parlamentarno-gabinetowych.
EN
The „shadow cabinet” appointed by the largest opposition party in the House of Commons is an integral part of the Westminster system of government. The practice of its creation originated in the UK in the second half of the 19th century, where it underwent a significant evolution linked to the coordination of the opposition’s strategy enabling it to become a government cabinet, as well as to the official recognition of the position of opposition party leader, who since 1937 has received a fixed salary. The modern and at the same time permanent appointment of shadow ministers who are at the same time spokespersons of the opposition on specific ministerial issues dates back to the long Conservative Party governments (1951–1964) against which the Labour Party formulated an official „shadow cabinet”. The aim of this article was to show the genesis of the „shadow cabinet”, to define its tasks and functions in the Westminster model of parliamentary-cabinet government.
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