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Odbudowa Zamku Królewskiego w Warszawie (Prace Komisji Architektoniczno-Konserwatorskiej Obywatelskiego Komitetu Odbudowy Zamku Królewskiego w Warszawie)

100%

Zachwatowicz J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1973

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issue 1

13-20

EN

Pro b lem s co nnected w ith re co n s tru c tio n of W a rs aw ’s Royal Castle co n stitu tin g a m o n um en t of P o lish c u ltu r e a re d e a lt w ith by th e a u th o r from th e p o in t of view of A rc h ite c tu ra l R e sto ra tio n Section, one of those ac tin g w ith in th e N a tio n a l Committee fo r R e c o n stru c tion. T h e re can n o t be an y d o u b t to d ay th a t th e m o tiv a tio n s lead in g to decision to s ta r t th e C a s tle ’s r e co n stru c tio n a fte r tw e n ty e ig h t y e a rs th a t e lap s ed from th e en d of th e World War II an d tw e n ty y e a rs a fte r reb u ild in g of th e Old Town S e ttin g h av e b e en wid e ly echoed among th e Poles b o th liv in g in th e ir n a tiv e c o u n try an d abroad. I t should, however, be b o rn e in min d th a t th e re b u ild in g of th e Royal Castle c an in no w ay be co nsidered as a simple re co n s tru c tio n of some k in d of a fu ll-s c a le mo d el of a d e stru c te d a rc h ite c tu ra l object. Of th e o rig in a l b u ild in g w e re p re s e rv ed co n sid e rab le p o rtio n s of its fo u n d a tio n s, of w a lls th a t su rv iv ed in situ an d also huge amo u n ts of stone elem en ts, a rc h ite c tu ra l an d s c u lp tu ra l decorations as w e ll as th o se belo n g in g to a rc h ite c tu ra l o u tfit of its in te rio rs an d , fin a lly , of pieces in its fo rm e r life tim e fo rmin g its m o v ab le e q u ip m e n t as, fo r in s tan c e , th e p a in tin g s , fu rn itu r e , sc u lp tu re s , bronzes an d th e like. T h u s th e w hole p ro je c t m ay be de sc rib ed a s th a t p a r tia lly re s to ra tiv e a n d co n se rv a tin g in its c h a ra c te r. Th e comp lex ity of h is to ric a l processes by w h ich th e a rc h ite c tu ra l forms of th is o b je c t w e re sh ap ed re q u ir es th a t a ran g e of th e d e e p -ra n g in g s tu d ie s a n d s u r veys be mad e to achieve th e ir re s titu tio n in fo rms th a t would be in fu ll a c co rd an ce w ith th e b u ild in g ’s o rig in a l c h a ra c te r. At th e same time d u rin g th e course of reb u ild in g m u s t also be k e p t b e fo re th e eyes th e C a s tle ’s fu tu re social fu n c tio n s of w hich th e fa c t a need a rise s to in tro d u c e a ra n g e of new eq u ipm e n t a n d in s ta lla tio n s upon whom w ill g re a tly dep en d th e smooth a n d p ro p e r fu n c tio n in g of th e e n tire b u ild in g . With th is im men se a n d ex c ep tio n a lly ta sk w e re e n tru s te d b o th th e A rc h ite c tu ra l R e sto ra tio n Section of th e N a tio n a l Committee fo r Re co nstru c tio n a n d a s ta te -ow n e d Comp an y k n ow n as A te lie rs fo r C o n se rv a tio n of C u ltu ra l P ro p e rty being th e chief co n tra c to r. The ra n g e of ta sk s fo r w h ich w as mad e re sp o n sib le th e Section alone comp rised th e outlin in g of a rc h ite c tu ra l an d re s to ra tiv e me a su re s, th e p re p a rin g of p ro g ram m a tic an d fu n c tio n a l p rin c ip le s, th e considering an d ap p ro v in g of a rc h ite c tu ra l designs, of e lab o ra tio n s co v e rin g th e p ro b lems of re c o n s tru c tio n an d also m a k in g of decisions concerning th e m a te ria ls re q u ire d an d basic technical problems. A lre ad y considered w e re th e o u tlin e s a n d proposals as to th e b u ild in g ’s a rc h ite c tu ra l solid, its a rc h ite c tu ra l o u tfit an d sev e ra l te ch n ic a l in s ta lla tio n s w ith w hich th e o b ject w ill be pro v id ed . Wh a t co ncerns th e Ca stle ’s su rro u n d in g it has b e en s ta te d th a t th e C a stle Sq u a re will re q u ire some am o u n t of a lte ra tio n s a n d corrections of its p re s en t fo rms, an d e specially in th e im med ia te v ic in ity of th e Castle itse lf, ju s t lik e as of e sc a rpm en ts on th e side of th e E a st-W e st T h o ro u g h fa re an d th e te rra c e s closing to th e V istu la R iv e r b an k s. A fte r considering of pro p o sals su bm itte d th e p ro g ram m e h a s b e en a ccepted a t a P le n a ry Meeting of th e N a tio n a l Committee fo r R e co n stru c tio n of th e Royal Ca stle w h ich w a s h e ld on J u n e 30, 1971. The p re p a ra tio n of a d e ta iled design w a s connected w ith a g re a t deal of d ifficu ltie s as, among th e others, those re la tin g to an a p p ro p ria te sitin g of se rv ic e rooms an d fa c ilitie s in th e re b u ilt Castle w hich, a p a r t from its fu tu re re p re s e n ta tiv e fu n c tio n s, w ill also house a Museum. A n um b e r of serious p ro b lem s w e re e n co u n te red wh ile p re p a rin g th e p lan s of c e n tra l h e a tin g , a ir-c o n d itio n in g an d v e n tila tio n . The w o rk s on th e sketch design solutions h a d to be c a rrie d o u t p a ra le lly as th e d eadlock for th e ir completion w a s se t on Novemb e r 30, 1971. To fin ish th e w o rk acco rd in g to tim e -ta b le th e d esig n ers of v a rio u s sp e c ia lisa tio n s h a d to devote a m ax im um of th e ir effort. However, th e ir p u n c tu a lity made it possible to s ta r t th e w o rk s on th e b uilding site w ith in a p la n n ed time. The to ta lly fin ish ed in its raw sta te sh e ll of Royal Castle, in c lu d in g th e roofs on its towers, w ill be re ad y on Ju ly 22, 1974. Both ra n g e an d scale of co n stru c tio n an d re s to ra tio n w o rk s c a rrie d out on th e h is to ric a l re sid en c e of th e Polish Kings may be d escrib ed as those gigantic. A good d eal of time w ill be re q u ired to complete th e o utfit of its rooms w h e re n um e ro u s h ig h -p re c isio n an d tim e consuming c ab in e t m a k e r’s, p la s te r e r ’s, b ra z ie r’s an d p a in te r ’s w o rk s a re to be executed.

2

Badania archeologiczne a odbudowa Zamku Królewskiego i jego otoczenia

75%

Świechowska A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1987

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issue 1-2

37-49

EN

The plan for the reconstruction of the Royal Castle and its surroundings, which was first put into life in 1971, took into consideration results of archaeological and architectonic findings of the earlier excavation work. At the same time further studies were carried out^ along with the commencement of constructional work, uncovering — on some occasions — elements not included in the plan. This made it necessary to undertake immediate decisions on the future of the structures. As rule, substantial criteria were employed; still the prevailing requirement arose from the concept of the plan of the construction as well as from economic considerations. Two medieval structures were preserved, completed and put out for use. They were: cellars of the building of the District Court of Justice (14th/15th cent.) at the west wing of the castle (photo 1) and the Bridge in front of the Cracow Gate (2nd half of the 15th cent.) in the Castle Square (Plac Zamkowy) (photo 9). The following elements were preserved under the ground: escarp of the Big House (1st half of the 15th cent., photo 2), foundations of pilaster-strips (2nd half of the 18th cent.) which had supported already non-existing balcony of the 1st floor of the Middle Projection (photo 4) and one of finely built waste-water wells. Because of the impossiblity of complying with the construction plans the following parts got destroyed: the foundation in front of the west elevation of the Big House, bespeaking of the intention to reconstruct the House in 1778 by Dominik Merlini (photo 7), extensive parts of the revetment (2nd quarter of the 18th cent.) on the East Terrace (photo 8) and all relicts of the structures on the Castle Square, uncovered at the time of its lowering in 1977 (photo 10). Because of the extent of adaptation costs it was impossible to preserve two 17th- century cellars in the building at 2, Podwale street (in the west part of the earlier mentioned Bridge) and three 18th- century cellars at 4, Podwale street (photos 11, 12, 13).

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Badania architektoniczne jako materiał do projektu odbudowy Zamku Królewskiego

63%

Kąsinowski A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1987

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issue 1-2

27-36

EN

Architectonic studies on castle cellars were carried out from 1949 to 1971. That period can be divided into 3 stages: 1949—1952 — "Research Work on Warsaw Castle” , 1960— 1962 — architectonic studies made by the Ateliers for the Conservation of Cultural Property and 1971 — research archaeologic and architectonic work. At present, several years after the completion of the studies and of the reconstruction of the castle, it is possible to draw the main conclusions. First and foremost, one should mention the elaboration of the method fo r fie ld architectonic studies. The preserved ce lla r waljs of the castle, dating from several different ages, provided an excellent research field. A t the same time a jo in t cooperation of archeologists and architects was in itia te d during the work in the castle. A frequent resumption of the same subject over the span of more than twenty years — along with the stabilization of the method — mode it possible to rectify some of working theses and also to single out the problems to be solved. One of them was the discovery and location of the o ldest bricked building of the Castle of the Mazovian Princes. The building was erected when town’s bricked fo rtifications and the Castle got join e d in the second half of the 14th century. Once the Castle was put up the moat became unnecessary. The moat performed its role when there existed a prince's stronghold where a bricked tower fo r living in was b u ilt up in the 1st half of the 14th century, the so-called Grodzka Tower. The next achievement was the complexity of the studies, in which historians, archaeologists and architects participated. Until the early f if ties such studies were carried out only by archaeologists and historians. The site of the castle provided a good ground fo r the fo rmation of a new model of cooperation that should become obligatory universally in architectural studies: the historian examines source materials, socio-economic relations and the economic background; the archaeologist investigates and interprets the material history of the site and inaccessible and unknown elements th a t are found underground. The architect studies the material substance of the structure found both underground and overground and he determines a fu ll chronology of individual architectural details. The art historian examines the decor of the structure, fo/rn and substance. A fu ll exchange of information and a common interpretation of the phenomena both in the field and "c a b in e t" examinations make it possible to learn architecture and its history an a given site.

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3 Ochrona Zabytków

1 Kąsinowski A.

1 Zachwatowicz J.

1 Świechowska A.

2 1987

1 1973

Odbudowa Zamku Królewskiego w Warszawie (Prace Komisji Architektoniczno-Konserwatorskiej Obywatelskiego Komitetu Odbudowy Zamku Królewskiego w Warszawie)

Badania archeologiczne a odbudowa Zamku Królewskiego i jego otoczenia

Badania architektoniczne jako materiał do projektu odbudowy Zamku Królewskiego