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EN
The author focuses on the colonization of North America by the English in the years 1585–1620. The adopted time censures refer respectively to the date of the first colony on Roanoke and shore Mayflower ship, as a turning point in the history of English colonization of the New World. The content of the article is an analysis of English-language sources regarding settlement issues in the present-day United States regarding the aforementioned colonies on Roanoke Island along with accidents that happened to its inhabitants and the beginnings of the city of Jamestown. In addition to the main thread, the author also touches upon the forgotten history of the inhabitants of the sixteenth-century Commonwealth who took part in the colonization trials of the English.
PL
Autor koncentruje się na kwestii kolonizacji Ameryki Północnej przez Anglików w latach 1585–1620. Przyjęte cezury czasowe odnoszą się odpowiednio do daty założenia pierwszej kolonii na Roanoke oraz dobicia do brzegu statku Mayflower jako punktu zwrotnego w historii angielskiej kolonizacji Nowego Świata. Treść artykułu stanowi analiza anglojęzycznych źródeł na temat osadnictwa na terenach dzisiejszych Stanów Zjednoczonych dotycząca wspomnianej kolonii na wyspie Roanoke wraz z wypadkami, które stały się udziałem jej mieszkańców oraz początków miasta Jamestown. Oprócz głównego wątku autor porusza również zapomnianą historię mieszkańców szesnastowiecznej Rzeczypospolitej, którzy brali udział w kolonizatorskich próbach Anglików.
PL
The main topic of the preserved letters of Robert “King” Carter were commercial issues – shipments of tobacco, and the consignment of goods from England. The correspondence is full of his complaints about the quality of crops, the price of tobacco in England, ridiculously exorbitant prices of English goods, and imprecations against the Scots, whose dishonest competition was, in his opinion, the most important cause of the deterioration of the Atlantic tobacco trade. Commercial issues were dominant not only because merchants were the addressees of the largest number of his letters. At the time tobacco trade was the way of life of all wealthy planters of the Old Dominion. In addition to this, we can find frequent remarks on issues related to the domestic and foreign policy of England and its colonies, descriptions of danger from buccaneers and pirates, the matters concerning the administration of the estates of omas Fairfax, as well as problems of upbringing and education of children in England. On the occasion of the suering resulting from gout attacks and toothache, we also, though very rarely, have an insight into his private life. The importance of Carter’s letters for the study of the mentality of the 18th century Virginia elite is invaluable, especially due to the fact that there is not much correspondence of the Virginia elite members preserved from the turn of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
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