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EN
This article attempts to explain the role of the Holy Bible in the book by Wojciech Dembołęcki entitled Wywód jedynowłasnego państwa świata. The author does not deny that theories presented in his work were formulated with the help of the Holy Bible. The article answers the following questions: Which fragments of the Holy Bible were cited on the pages of Wywód? To what extent is Dembołęcki faithful to the original when he recalls themes from the Old and New Testaments? How does the Holy Bible help Father Wojciech to prove that Polish has been spoken since the time of Adam and Eve, that the Polish people are the oldest nation and only they have the right to rule the whole world which was given to them by God, and also that all kings will soon respect their authority? We also try to assess Dembołęcki’s attitude: whether he should be considered a heretic or a defender of holy truth.
EN
The article is an attempt of presenting creative works of priest Wojciech Dembołęcki in the context of various canons of perceiving a written text (defined according to different criteria and rules) – from the genological and thematic perspective. Many previous propositions of classification are of course correct. However, numerous were not made or did not take some essential findings into account. The most important finding states that the 17th-century priest should not be perceived only as a blind apologist of the Polish nation but more as a critic of the gentry’s sarmatism. Thus, the author of Wywód loses the title of an ideologist and an uncritical praiser of the privileged part of the society which was ascribed to him for years. Instead, he acquires a new title of a sarcastic judge or a scoffer who condemns the mentality of his overconfident compatriots.
EN
The sketch is a synthetic desrcription of Wojciech Dmebołęcki’s way of writing his book entitled The ascendancy of Polish elears formerly called lisovchicks [Przewagi elearów polskich, co ich niegdy lisowczykami zwano]. This text printed in Poznań (1623) text brings a fresh relation on the mercenary troops’ military adventures during the beginning of the Thirty Years’ War (1619-1622) including the Battle of Khotyn (1621). The story’s form does not seem to be common memoirs, it is rather a mixture of various narration types. In some parts chaplain’s personal recollections may be noticed, especially within chapters presenting Sunday sermons preached by the Franciscan to his soldiers (some of them highlighted extraordinary connections of God with gloryfied in that manner lisovchicks who, additionally, were the Maccabees of New Testament – as the eulogist states). Initial sentences contain information that the monk lost his diary written in statu nascendi, therefore it is obvious The ascendancy appears as a reconstruction of nonexisting then papers. However, some documents certainly preserved in Dembołęcki’s luggage because they were cited in the book from 1623 – authentic letters addressed to the headquarters of the regiment and its laws. High frequency of gospel quotations or their explanations lead to a conclusion that there must have been some notes on Dembołęcki’s desk used before in his preaching activity. Besides, the author was an eyewitness of more events pictured in his book and clearly distinguishes what he saw on his own and what he did not see at all but repeated following some heard accounts. Moreover, in a poem ending the entire book he confesses that some sections were being printed and at the same time the others were being written. It took place in a Poznań guesthouse. These arguments should have been an excuse for numerous errors noticed yet in a typographic workshop (of Jan Wolrab). All those circumstances or other details (found in the report in question) reveal the truth on Dembołęcki’s way of working on his first ever book. It was created in a hurry because the relation had an important aim: to rebuild good reputation of disgraced lisovchicks. Significantly, the author apparently stole some copies of the whole edition and the abovementioned typographer was imprisoned for printing the title without episcopal approval required at the time. There is no doubt the book was extremely needed and reached the readers despite serious difficulties.
PL
Szkic stanowi syntetyczny opis sposobu pisania przez Wojciecha Dembołęckiego jego książki pt. Przewagi elearów polskich, co ich niegdy lisowczykami zwano. Ten wydrukowany w Poznaniu tekst przynosi świeżą relację z przygód najemniczego oddziału z czasu początków wojny trzydziestoletniej (1619-1622), w tym i bitwy pod Chocimiem (1621). Forma opowieści nie przypomina zwyczajnego pamiętnika, ponieważ jest raczej mieszaniną rozmaitych typów narracji. W niektórych partiach można dostrzec osobiste wspomnienia kapelana, zwłaszcza w obrębie rozdziałów, prezentujących niedzielne kazania głoszone przez franciszkanina przed jego żołnierzami (niektóre z nich uwydatniały niezwykłe więzi Boga z gloryfikowanymi w ten sposób lisowczykami, którzy dodatkowo mieli być Machabeuszami Nowego Testamentu – jak twierdzi apologeta). Wstępne zdania zawierają informacje, że duchowny zagubił jego pisany in statu nascendi diariusz, dlatego też to oczywiste, iż Przewagi wypadają jako rekonstrukcja nieistniejących już wtedy zapisów. Jednak kilka dokumentów zapewne przetrwało w bagażach Dembołęckiego, ponieważ zostały zacytowane w książce z 1623 – autentyczne listy adresowane do dowództwa pułku oraz jego prawa. Wysoka frekwencja cytatów ewangelicznych bądź ich objaśnień prowadzą do wniosku, iż na biurku Dembołęckiego musiały znajdować się notatki wykorzystywane podczas działalności kaznodziejskiej. Poza tym autor był naocznym świadkiem większości wydarzeń zobrazowanych w jego książce, a nawet wyraźnie rozróżnia to, co widział osobiście, a czego nie widział, natomiast powtórzył, zmierzając tropem zasłyszanych sprawozdań. Co więcej, w wierszu kończącym całą książkę wyznaje, że niektóre fragmenty były drukowane, podczas gdy w tym samym czasie inne dopiero powstawały. Działo się to w gościnie w Poznaniu. Argumenty te miały być usprawiedliwieniem licznych błędów zauważonych jeszcze w warsztacie typograficznym (Jana Wolraba). Wszystkie te okoliczności i inne szczegóły (dostrzeżone w analizowanym raporcie) ukazują prawdę o sposobie pracy Dembołęckiego nad jego pierwszą książką. Powstała w pośpiechu, gdyż relacja miała jeden istotny cel: odbudować dobre imię skompromitowanych lisowczyków. Symptomatyczne – autor ponoć wykradł część nakładu, a wspomniany wyżej drukarz trafił do więzienia za druk tytułu bez wymaganej ówcześnie aprobaty biskupiej. Nie ma wątpliwości, że książka była niezwykle potrzebna i dotarła do czytelników, pomimo wielu przeszkód.
Tematy i Konteksty
|
2019
|
vol. 14
|
issue 9
220-234
EN
The sketch is an attempt at presenting Wojciech Dembołęcki’s views (contained in Wywód jedynowłasnego państwa świata [Treatise on the only True Country of the World]) on some issues, especially political issues, concerning the authority of Poles and its origin. The book published in 1633 (Warsaw) seems to be very controversial for its reader may find a lot of megalomaniac concepts often based on presumptions, historical usurpations, re-interpretations or simply naive etymology. The mentioned manipulations in the sphere of philosophy of history allowed the author to come to incredible conclusions. The fundamental one is connected with the first ever language that was spoken in paradise. The Franciscan writer convinced it was the Slavic tongue (“słowiański” from the Polish “słowo” – “word”), in effect Slavs must have been the oldest people of the world. There are numerous consequences of such an assumption, nevertheless the Poles were particularly privileged – as noble descendants of Adam and Eve – and only they participated in the mankind development process, they were responsible for civilization achievements, founded first ever cities, established the state system (and even regalia), defeated various military powers in the past, etc. Therefore, they allegedly had an exclusive right to rule countries and nations of the whole globe. This is the most important message of the book in question, although the author himself probably did not believe in his own imaginary theory fabricated just for show and because of overly ambitious Polish noblemen’s needs.
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