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EN
Few medieval swords have been found in Eastern Pomerania, in comparison with other areas of the old Polish state. No sword has been found which dates to the earlier part of the Middle Ages. The 6 oldest swords, dated to the 11th and 12th centuries, were discovered in graves. Some are beautifully decorated. Suggestions about where they were produced are not convincing. Analogies are known from Western Europe, Scandinavia and the Baltic states, which were inhabited in the early Middle Ages by the Prussians. 5 swords from the 13th to the 15th centuries are random finds. Two of them bear the mark of a "running wolf". On one there is an inscription which has been differently read by different researchers. There is no analogy so far. Also discovered were 5 scabbard chapes. In three cases the technology employed in producing these swords was examined. One of them turned out to be a 19th century copy. The two authentic ones were made by bonding soft and hard iron rods. Finds of swords are concentrated in three parts of Eastern Pomerania, the three most important regions of settlement in this part of Poland.
PL
Podczas najazdu bolszewickiego na Polskę latem 1920 r. ziemie Mazowsza Północno-Wschodniego odegrały istotną rolę. Stały się miejscem odwrotu głównych sił polskich oddziałów, wchodzących w skład frontu północnowschodniego, zaciekle atakowanych przez wojska frontu zachodniego Michaiła Tuchaczewskiego. Głównym celem ofensywy Armii Czerwonej było zajęcie Polski, jej sowietyzacja i przeniesienie ideałów rewolucji bolszewickiej na zachód Europy. Wszystkie warstwy społeczeństwa Mazowsza Północno-Wschodniego, poza komunistami, a zwłaszcza duchowieństwo, ziemiaństwo, młodzież szkolna, ludność wiejska, udzieliły wsparcia Radzie Obrony Państwa. Powodzenie planu rozstrzygającej bitwy, zwanej później Bitwą Warszawską, w dużym stopniu zależało od jak najdłuższego powstrzymywania sowieckiej ofensywy pod Łomżą, Ostrołęką, Różanem i Pułtuskiem, z wykorzystaniem naturalnej linii obronnej, jaką stanowiła rzeka Narew. Dzięki zaciętej obronie powyższych miast udało się opóźnić pochód wojsk bolszewickich ku Wiśle. Na ich szlaku zaczęto tworzyć zręby władzy sowieckiej, ich symbolem były tzw. rewkomy. Po przełomie w Bitwie Warszawskiej mieszkańcy Mazowsza Północno-Wschodniego, a zwłaszcza chłopi, przystąpili do walki z wycofującymi się na wschód oddziałami Armii Czerwonej.
EN
During the Bolshevik invasion of Poland in the summer of 1920, Northeastern Mazovia lands played an important role. They became the place of retreat of the main Polish forces that were part of the Northeastern Front, fiercely attacked by the troops of Mikhail Tukhachevsky’s Western Front. The main aim of the Red Army offensive was the occupation of Poland, its sovietization and the transfer of the Bolshevik revolution ideas to the west of Europe. Except for the communists, all the social classes of Northeastern Mazovia, especially the clergy, landowners, schoolchildren, villagers, supported the Council of National Defence. The success of the decisive battle plan, later called the Battle of Warsaw, largely depended on the longest possible containment of the Soviet offensive near Łomża, Ostrołęka, Różan and Pułtusk, using the natural defensive line the Narew river was. Thanks to the fierce defence of the towns mentioned above, it was possible to delay the march of the Bolshevik armies towards the Vistula. On their way, the framework of the Soviet authority began to be established, whose symbol were the so-called “rewkoms” (military revolutionary committees). After the breakthrough in the Battle of Warsaw, the inhabitants of Northeastern Mazovia, especially peasants, started fighting against the Red Army troops retreating east.
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