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BETWEEN UNIVERSAL SCIENCE AND NATIONAL POLITICS. NATURE OF THE RESEARCH PROJECT ON THE YOUTH OF THE INSTITUTE FOR JEWISH RESEARCH (YIVO) (Polish title - below)

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Kijek K.

Kwartalnik Historii Żydow

2010

issue 2(234)

157-193

(Title in Polish - 'Miedzy uniwersalna nauka a narodowa polityka. Charakter projektu badan nad mlodzieza Zydowskiego Instytutu Naukowego (JIWO) w Polsce miedzywojennej'). The purpose of this article is to trace back the context of the birth of one of the most valuable source materials for studying the history of Jews in Poland's 2nd Republic, i.e., a collection of autobiographies of youth, written in response to three competitions organized by the Institute for Jewish Research (YIVO) of Vilnius in the years 1932, 1934 and 1939. In it, the author seeks to trace back the theoretical and methodological inspirations of the organizers of research into the personality of Jewish youth (Yugfor), and the course of the competitions themselves. The scientific context of the research is followed in conjunction with the social and political goals pursued by YIVO. By reconstructing the scientific and political bases for research, both discussions among Jewish scholars and among them and other scientific communities (chiefly Polish and US ones), or finally the manner in which the competition was presented to the Jewish audience, the article seeks to reconstruct the full context in which this specific source materials were created. Thanks to this it would be possible to interpret more fully the autobiographies, and at the same time, through an analysis of the political and social goals of YIVO, reveal new aspects of the political activity of the Jewish minority in Poland between WWI and WWII. One element of that activity were studies of the youth, which from the point of view of the YIVO milieu was a key group for building the programme of Jewish national autonomy.

Żydzi radzyńscy na fotografiach – błędy w opisach katalogu YIVO

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Gontarek A.

Radzyński Rocznik Humanistyczny

2019

vol. 17

113-119

For 10 years, or maybe even longer, an exhibition named People from Thou-sand Towns, prepared by YIVO, has been available for all of the Internet users. Basi-cally speaking, it is not a display in the literal sense of the word, but a catalogue of several pictures (together with their descriptions), which portray lives of Jews in pre-war shtetls. The photographs were acquired in various ways. One of these ways consisted in inclusion of press photographs of New York’s “Forwarts” jour-nal, which was continually published in the interwar period, into the catalogue. Because the Holocaust led to the complete disappearance of the small town Jewish culture, every piece of such material is precious, for it constitutes specified cognitive material. Among the images of Jews, the exhibit/catalogue also presents those pho-tographs which were taken in Radzyń Podlaski. „Forwarts” is a newspaper published in the Yiddish language, up to the end of the 19th century, which in a certain moment, on the several last pages titled Kunst wejlage, in other words artistic section, had started to include photographs of Polish and Russian Jews with short comments translated into English. They do not pre-sent high artistic quality and they are merely plain photographs, which resemble standard pictures which we may find in today’s newspapers. The captions under those photographs are paltry, although the characters portrayed on those pages of the journal, were not always common, average Jews. The newspaper often in-formed about e.g. deaths of small-town authorities or even smaller events which were important only for those tiny communities. The section was full of that kind of curiosities from shtetls. Therefore, it is not a photographic chronicle, which reflects the course of social or political life. There is also no key, according to which the photographs were posted. YIVO presented 5 photographs at the exhibition, which were supposedly made in Radzyń Podlaski. Unfortunately, two of them, originating from “the For-warts” were not taken on the Radzyń’s soil. The first one, from 1923, presents a sopher - namely a person who, based on strict rules, transcribed Torah. This cus-tom remained even after the print was discovered. When I examined the original, however, it turned out that under the photograph, there is no information about Radzyń’s origin of the sopher. On the other hand, right next to the picture, the newspaper presented another photograph, which was taken in Radzyń and which was absent in the YIVO catalogue. This means that somebody made a mistake and wrongfully identified that Jew as a Radzyń’s sopher.

Od 10 lat, a może dłużej, dostępna jest dla wszystkich użytkowników inter-netu wystawa przygotowana przez YIVO pod tytułem People from Thousand Towns. Właściwie nie jest to ekspozycja w dosłownym tego słowa znaczeniu, lecz katalog zdjęć (wraz z opisem) portretujących życie Żydów w przedwojennych sztetlach. Pozyskiwano je w różny sposób. Jeden z nich polegał na włączaniu do katalogu fotografii prasowych z nowojorskiego dziennika „Forwerts”, który wychodził w okresie międzywojennym. Ponieważ Zagłada doprowadziła do całkowitego zani-ku kultury Żydów małomiasteczkowych, każdy taki materiał jest cenny, ponieważ tworzy skonkretyzowany materiał poznawczy. Wśród wizerunków Żydów znala-zły się na wystawie/katalogu i te wykonane w Radzyniu Podlaskim. „Forwerts” to gazeta wychodząca w języku jidysz od końca XIX w., która w pewnym momencie na swoich ostatnich paru stronach zatytułowanych Kunst wejlage, czyli sekcja artystyczna, zaczęła zamieszczać zdjęcia polskich i rosyjskich Żydów z krótkimi komentarzami tłumaczonymi na język angielski. Nie prezentują one wysokiego poziomu artystycznego, a są zwykłymi fotografiami, do jakich je-steśmy dziś przyzwyczajeni w gazetach. Podpisy pod nimi są błahe, choć nie zaw-sze bohaterami tych stron dziennika byli przeciętni, zwykli Żydzi. Często infor-mowano np., o śmierci małomiasteczkowych autorytetów albo o drobniejszych wydarzeniach ważnych tylko tych małych środowisk. Dział ten był pełen tego typu ciekawostek ze sztetli. Nie jest to zatem kronika fotograficzna oddająca bieg życia społecznego czy politycznego. Nie ma też żadnego klucza, wedle którego zamiesz-czano zdjęcia. YIVO na ekspozycji pokazało 5 zdjęć wykonanych jakoby w Radzyniu Pod-laskim. Niestety, dwa z nich pochodzące z „Forwarts” nie zostały wykonane na ziemi radzyńskiej.

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1 Kwartalnik Historii Żydow

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1 Gontarek A.

1 Kijek K.

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1 2010

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BETWEEN UNIVERSAL SCIENCE AND NATIONAL POLITICS. NATURE OF THE RESEARCH PROJECT ON THE YOUTH OF THE INSTITUTE FOR JEWISH RESEARCH (YIVO) (Polish title - below)

Żydzi radzyńscy na fotografiach – błędy w opisach katalogu YIVO