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Mobilizacja polityczna irackich jezydów po roku 2003

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EN
Iraqi Yezidis living in the mountainous areas of northern Iraq have been for centuries struggling to survive and preserve their identity. Once mistakenly recognized as worshipers of Satan, they had been sentenced to constant harassment by the Muslim majority. Stubbornly declaring their ethnic and not only religious individuality, they fell into conflict with the majority of the Kurds, with whom they shared the misery of the worst repression during the Baghdad regime. The overthrow of Saddam Hussein in 2003 significantly activated the Yezidi community. The new political situation in Iraq opened the way for the revival of their culture and sociopolitical integration of their whole community. Since 2005, they have had their representatives not only in local institutions of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region, but also in the Iraqi parliament. The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the changes in the socio‑political situation of the Iraqi Yezidis in the post‑Saddam Iraq.
EN
Both the current increasing nationalistic discourse of the Yezidis and the discussion about their “Kurdishness” result from the growing political significance of the Kurds and the inclusion of the Yezidis into the geopolitical game in the Iraqi Kurdistan region. The paper concerns the traditional Yezidi understanding of their millet, still valid, but starting to change, which is based on the mystical and metaphysical ideas incompatible with the approach preferred by contemporary political science.
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EN
Yezidis is a religious group of Yezidi faith, sometimes identifying with Kurds or considering themselves a separate ethnic group. Parts of the Yezidi diaspora are scattered mainly in the countries of the Middle East. In Armenia, they are the largest minority in this country, with a population of around 30,000. The article presents the process of Yezidi acculturation in Armenia. The concept of acculturation of D. Sam and J. Berry, which takes into account the degree to which people want to preserve their identity and culture, and the degree to which they want to be in contact with people outside their own group and participate in everyday life within the framework of wider society, turned out to be helpful here. In the case of the Armenian Yezidis, the acculturation process is quite diverse, as it extends between integrating with the Armenian society and remaining on the margins of it.
EN
The article presents an issue of the intervention to protect the Yezidis started in August 2014 in northern Iraq. The United States, the crucial intervener, had the consent of the Iraqi government to conduct military operations in favour of its territorial integrity and to protect Iraqi citizens. However, there were also other interveners and the military actions took place nor only in the Iraqi territory. The author of the article argues that in the military operation to protect the Yezidi people, much more elements of humanitarian intervention than of the responsibility to protect can be found. Thus the various components of the military action in 2014 to protect the Yezidis were presented through the prism of ideas of humanitarian intervention and responsibility to protect.
PL
W artykule przedstawiona jest interwencja w obronie jezydów zapoczątkowana w sierpniu 2014 roku w północnym Iraku. Podmiotem operacji były przede wszystkim Stany Zjednoczone dysponujące zgodą irackiego rządu na prowadzenie działań zbrojnych na rzecz integralności terytorialnej oraz ochrony obywateli Iraku. Autor artykułu dowodzi, że w operacji w obronie jezydów, wbrew powszechnym przekonaniom, można odnaleźć znacznie więcej elementów interwencji humanitarnej niż odpowiedzialności za ochronę. W tym celu poszczególne komponenty operacji w obronie jezydów zostały zaprezentowane przez pryzmat koncepcji interwencji humanitarnej i odpowiedzialności za ochronę.
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