In 1929, in the Beskid village of Zakrzów (now the commune of Stryszów, poviat of Wadowice), the cornerstone for the construction of the first permanent and large camp in the Kraków district of the Riflemen's Association was consecrated and laid. With the fall of the Second Polish Republic, the idea of summer and winter camps, during which young people could take advantage of instructor's courses, systematic sports or shooting exercises, died. At the same time, the foundation of Zygmunt Lewakowski and his idea of developing hygiene, sport and culture both among the youth associated in the Union and the rural population permanently living near Chełm were forgotten. At the same time, the memory of the camp itself disappeared, the creation of which marked the next stage of military training of the civilian population in the Second Polish Republic (from then on, the professionally prepared infrastructure was to replace ordinary meadows intended for campsites). The facility was the pride of the Krakow district, which could accommodate approximately 170 shooters at the same time. In addition to recalling the existence of the camp itself, the author draws attention to the importance and stages of building the base, pointing to the ways of its impact on the community of the Lesser Poland ZS and the inhabitants of the villages of the present Stryszów commune.
This study contains a continuation of analyses of excavation survey results obtained by the Cracow Saltworks Museum in Wieliczka on multicultural archaeological site no. 8 in Zakrzów, township of Niepołomice (AZP 103-58/24). The analysis focuses on historical military items discovered in object 111, interpreted as a temporary shooter’s position. The items discovered there include shells of 7.62 x 540 mm calibre projectiles manufactured in the ammunition factory in Lugansk and suitable for loading of Mosin 1891 rifles, and iron stripper clips used to transport and carry the projectiles. The discovery corresponds to the history of fights that took place during World War I in the Cracow region in November and December 1914. The analysis of war materials discovered on site no. 8 in Zakrzów represents a piece of research into the rarely addressed topic of archaeological traces of the Great War and partly supplements our knowledge of the battles that took place in West Galicia during World War I.
PL
Artykuł stanowi dalszą część opracowania wyników badań wykopaliskowych prowadzonych przez Muzeum Żup Krakowskich Wieliczka w Wieliczce (MŻKW) na wielokulturowym stanowisku archeologicznym nr 8 w Zakrzowie, gm. Niepołomice (AZP 103-58/24). Analizie poddano zabytki militarne odkryte w obiekcie 111 interpretowanym jako prowizoryczne stanowisko strzeleckie. Znajdujące się w nim przedmioty to łuski pocisków kalibru 7,62 x 540 mm wytworzone w fabryce amunicji w Ługańsku, pasujące do karabinu wz. 1891 Mosin oraz żelazne „łódki” służące do transportu wspomnianych pocisków. Odkrycie to posiada odzwierciedlenie w historii walk toczonych w trakcie I wojny światowej w rejonie Krakowa w listopadzie i grudniu 1914 roku. Opracowanie materiałów wojennych ze stanowiska nr 8 w Zakrzowie stanowi element badań nad rzadko podejmowanym tematem archeologicznych śladów Wielkiej Wojny oraz pozwala na częściowe uzupełnienie stanu wiedzy o przebiegu walk w Zachodniej Galicji w czasie I wojny światowej
Father Karol Wallowy (1846-1920) is the first priest from the Holy Guardian Angel parish in Gorzyce in the Archdiocese of Katowice, noted in the sources. In Wrocław he graduated from Saint Matthias Gymnasium and the Faculty of Catholic Theology. He was ordained a priest on June 28, 1871 by the Bishop of Wrocław, Heinrich Förster. He was the Silesian chaplain from the uprising to the fall of the German Empire, during the period of disputes over the resolutions of the Second Vatican Council and Kulturkampf. He was a spiritual guide for the faithful in Bieńkowice, Łubowice and Zakrzów. He did not live to see the divided Silesia after the end of the Great War, although he prepared its arrival in his mind and emotions. In 1922, his native Gorzyce found himself in Poland, and the parish of Saint Nicholas in Zakrzów, where he served for 28 years and has his grave there, remained in the federal state called the “Weimar Republic”. In his priesthood he was “on the right path” which “led him to holiness”.
PL
Ksiądz Karol Wallowy (1846-1920) jest odnotowanym w źródłach pierwszym kapłanem pochodzącym z parafii Świętego Anioła Stróża w Gorzycach w archidiecezji katowickiej. We Wrocławiu ukończył Gimnazjum świętego Macieja i Wydział Teologii Katolickiej. Święcenia kapłańskie przyjął 28 czerwca 1871 roku z rąk biskupa wrocławskiego Heinricha Förstera. Był śląskim duszpasterzem od powstania do upadku cesarstwa niemieckiego, w okresie sporów wokół uchwał Soboru Watykańskiego II i Kulturkampfu. Był duchowym przewodnikiem wiernych w Bieńkowicach, Łubowicach i Zakrzowie. Nie doczekał podzielonego Śląska po zakończeniu Wielkiej Wojny, choć jego nadejście przygotował w swoim umyśle i emocjach. W 1922 roku jego rodzinne Gorzyce znalazły się w Polsce, zaś parafia Świętego Mikołaja w Zakrzowie, w której posługiwał przez 28 lat i ma tam swój grób, pozostała w państwie federalnym o nazwie „Republika Weimarska”. W swoim kapłaństwie był „na właściwej sobie drodze”, która go „wiodła do świętości”.
This article is a continuation of the published results of Cracow Saltworks Museum in Wieliczka (Muzeum Żup Krakowskich Wieliczka – MŻKW)’s excavations at the multicultural archaeological site no. 8 in Zakrzów, Niepołomice municipality (AZP 103-58/24). Traces of Neolithic settlement representing the Linear Band Pottery culture (LBK) were analysed. Sparse cultural objects relating to this settlement phase, registered during the excavations, are most probably the remains of burrows serving an unspecified economic function, situated at a certain distance from a settlement not yet recognized at this site. Preserved fragments of vessel pottery permitted the linking of these structures with the socalled Zofipole style, known among others from the nearby ‘motorway’ sites situated on the north fringe of Wieliczka Foothills. These discoveries make an important contribution to our knowledge of the LBK’s early development stages in the upper Vistula estuary. The site’s location in an area replete with salty waters, as well as identified traces of younger settlement connected with saltworks, also prompt reflection on the use of salty waters already at the onset of the Neolithic age.
PL
Artykuł stanowi dalszą część opracowania wyników badań wykopaliskowych prowadzonych przez Muzeum Żup Krakowskich Wieliczka w Wieliczce (MŻKW) na wielokulturowym stanowisku archeologicznym nr 8 w Zakrzowie, gm. Niepołomice (AZP 103-58/24). Analizie poddano ślady osadnictwa neolitycznego reprezentującego kulturę ceramiki wstęgowej rytej (KCWR). Nieliczne obiekty kulturowe związane z tą fazą zasiedlenia, zarejestrowane podczas wykopalisk, są najprawdopodobniej pozostałościami jam o bliżej nieokreślonej funkcji gospodarczej, ulokowanych w pewnym oddaleniu od nierozpoznanej jeszcze w tym miejscu osady. Zachowane fragmenty ceramiki naczyniowej pozwoliły na powiązanie tych struktur z tzw. stylem zofipolskim, znanym m.in. z pobliskich stanowisk „autostradowych” usytuowanych na północnym skraju Pogórza Wielickiego. Odkrycia te stanowią istotny przyczynek do stanu wiedzy na temat wczesnych faz rozwojowych KCWR w dorzeczu górnej Wisły. Lokalizacja stanowiska w strefie obfitującej w źródła słone, a także zidentyfikowane ślady młodszego osadnictwa związanego z warzelnictwem solnym, skłaniają również do refleksji nad problematyką eksploatacji solanek już w początkach neolitu.
The following study covers flint artefacts unearthed during the six seasons of archaeological excavations conducted by the Cracow Saltworks Museum in Wieliczka, at the multi-cultural site no. 8 in Zakrzów, Niepołomice municipality, county of Wieliczka. It is intended as the first stage of a wider analysis including the reminder of artefacts, characteristics of archaeological features, and structure of settlements in the microregion. The site was first discovered during surface work within the AZP 103- 58 rectangular area, conducted during 1983 by Antoni Jodłowski, Kazimierz Reguła and Adam Szybowicz2. The site is located at Wieliczka foothills [Pogórze Wielickie], on the south-eastern slopes of the Tropie Góry hills, rolling towards the Bogusława river – also known as the Zakrzówek stream. In the recent years, the area has been under continuous development due to robust expansion of residential areas as well as businesses opening along the national road no. 964. The undeveloped plot no. 495/2, neighbouring the road from the south, was selected for the archaeological work. Its longer axis points approximately towards the S-E direction. The excavations covered an area reaching 60 m in length and 15 m in width. In total, the area of 8 ares was explored, which resulted in the identification of over 100 features, mostly from the Neolithic period. Found underneath the humus layer were deposits with inclusions of historical materials, filling a ground depression between two local humps invisible from the surface. The bottom of the excavated ditch featured formations whose genesis is likely the result of aqueous environment. This allows us to suppose that there was at least a periodically active spring in this region. Further evidence supporting this hypothesis comes from the layout of identified archaeological features, whose placement avoids the likely area of the watercourse. The depression was probably filled gradually, as suggested by the depth-varying numbers and provenance of unearthed artefacts. The substrate consists of hard sandy clay formations, with multiple ferrous inclusions. A large percentage of the unearthed ceramics consists of so-called ‘sandy’ ceramics, which may suggest the spring being used as the source of brine, or perhaps simply of water used in the production of such vessels. This topic will be elaborated upon in the further stages of the study. The site is multi-cultural in its character. Only few among the archaeological finds can be attributed to the final stages of the Palaeolithic and the Mesolithic periods. The core of the finds consists of Neolithic artefacts, present both in the identified deposit strata and within the archaeological features. A small group of artefacts and features is attributable to the Linear Pottery Culture of the Zofipole stage (2nd half of the 6th millennium BCE), with much more numerous finds from the late stages of the Pleszów-Modlnica group (2nd half of the 5th millennium BCE) and the Wyciąże-Złotniki group (1st half of the 4th millennium BCE) of the Lengyel-Polgár circle. Also identified were various numbers of artefacts from the Lusatian Culture, Tyniec group, Przeworsk Culture, and materials dating from the Medieval period up until the modern times, including a rifleman’s strongpoint from 1914. Due to the particulars of the site stratigraphy, the majority of artefacts comes from a secondary fill, which robs them of some cultural and chronological contexts. Consequently, the main part of the analysis of flint material will be focusing on artefacts from anthropogenic features in which culturally homogeneous ceramics were found. The finds were associated with three horizons: Linear Pottery Culture, and Pleszów-Modlnica group and Wyciąże-Złotniki group of the Lengyel-Polgár circle (Table no. I).
The publication about the history of the school in Zakrzow is part of the extensive research of the local community conducted by one of the authors – professor Andrzej Nowakowski. The history of the village and parish was presented against the broader background of the history of education and sports in Zakrzow.
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