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EN
The article presents briefly constitutional reflection of Zygmunt Cybichowski (1879-1946), a world-famous expert in law who became a radical Polish nationalist in 1930s and unsuccessfully tried to collaborate with the Third Reich during WW II. His thought concentrated particularly on two types of democratic system: liberał democracy and so-called 'nationalist democracy’. As a scholar, Cybichowski was following the 'national method’ in law studies. According to his method, every legał system, including constitution, rose from a specific, particular culture of its own nation. The same rule or institution could have different meaning in various cultures of law - there were no two similar constitutions among the nations of the world. Understanding legał and political system of any country depended entirely on profound knowledge of local history and traditions. Cybichowski was considered that during interwar period political systems of all European countries underwenta process of totalizing - a rapid expansion of government power and functions. This phenomenon was the most advanced in 'national democracies’: fascist Italy and the Third Reich. Cybichowski maintained thatthese two states were truły democratic (but not liberał) because, in his opinion, democra­cy existed in every political system in which authorities were accepted by their people and followed the people’s will. For Cybichowski democracy and dictatorship were not contradictory to each other - a dictatorial government could have democratic base. According to him, pre-war Poland had an intermediate regime which contained elements of the both types of democracy. This regime formally retained liberał institutions, but in political practice it started to create institutions typical for 'nationalist democracy’ such as 'national political organization’ and a 'national chieftain’.
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Dyletantyzm a wiedza prawnicza

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EN
Prawnik, the organ of the Society Library of Law Students at Lwów University, was published in 1911-1914 as the first legal journal published by law students. It constitutes a treasure trove of knowledge about the students, the seminars, as well as their textbooks and professors. The editors-some of whom later became eminent scholars, such as Ludwik Ehrlich-would invite their professors from the law faculties of Lwów (now Lviv) and Kraków to contribute for the periodical. One of those was Zygmunt Cybichowski (1879-1946), a professor of the law of nations (i.e. public international law) who had earned his academic qualifications in Germany and Switzerland, where he obtained a post-doctoral degree at the University of Freiburg im Breisgau in 1911. Becoming a pro- fessor in Lwów a year later, he would go on to be one of the most prolific and acclaimed experts and practitioners of international law. The late 1930s saw him become an active supporter of fascism on the Italian model, an anti-communist and anti-Semite. The circumstances of the scholar’s radicalization, the allegations of bribery and his removal from the University of Warsaw await a thorough, critical, source-based study. One cannot fail to note that Cybichowski was one of the more original international legal scholars, delivering lectures at numerous European universities and participating in many congresses; beside a body of valuable works, including systematic ones, he also left his mark on the activities of the Hague Academy of International Law. This text, concise but by no means lacking substance, is a testimony to his intellectual aptitude as a lawyer, scholar and teacher.
PL
Pierwsze czasopismo prawnicze wydawane przez studentów prawa, czyli „Prawnik” – organ Towarzystwa Biblioteka Słuchaczów Prawa Uniwersytetu Lwowskiego, które ukazywało się w latach 1911-1914, jest skarbnicą wiedzy o studentach, seminariach, ale też podręcznikach i profesorach. Redaktorzy – wśród których byli późniejsi wybitni uczeni, jak Ludwik Ehrlich – zapraszali do wypowiedzi swoich profesorów z wydziałów prawa we Lwowie i w Krakowie. Jednym z takowych był profesor prawa narodów (czyli prawa publicznego międzynarodowego) Zygmunt Cybichowski (1879-1946), który zdobył szlify akademickie w Niemczech i Szwajcarii, gdzie uniwersytecie we Fryburgu Bryzgowijskim w 1911 r. uzyskał habilitację. Rok później został profesorem we Lwowie. W kolejnych latach był jednym z najaktywniejszych i najwybitniejszych znawców i praktyków prawa międzynarodowego. Pod koniec lat trzydziestych XX w. uaktywnił się jako zwolennik faszyzmu na wzór włoski, antykomunista i antysemita. Okoliczności zradykalizowania się uczonego oraz jego oskarżenia o łapówkarstwo i usunięcia z Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego czekają na gruntowne krytyczne źródłowe opracowanie. Pomimo powyższego nie można nie zauważyć, że Cybichowski był jednym z oryginalniejszych uczonych zajmujących się prawem międzynarodowym, który gościł z wykładami na licznych uniwersytetach europejskich, brał udział w wielu kongresach, i którego ślad pozostał nie tylko w jego cennych dziełach, także systematycznych, ale i działalności Haskiej Akademii Prawa Międzynarodowego. Poniższy, króciutki ale jakże treściwy tekst jest świadectwem jego umysłu jako prawnika, uczonego i dydaktyka.
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