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Społeczno-obyczajowe uwarunkowania porzucania dzieci i dzieciobójstwa w Królestwie Polskim na przełomie XIX i XX wieku

100%

Bołdyrew A.

Biuletyn Historii Wychowania

2012

issue 28

35-52

In the last decades of the 19th century, in the Kingdom of Poland, the scale of social pathologies increased, including infanticide and abandonment of children. Such phenomena were conditioned by a number of social, demographic, economic and moral factors; the processes of urbanization and industrialization played a major part as they resulted in the inflow of great masses of people to cities, who experienced difficulties in the adaptation to new conditions. Poverty, illiteracy, often the lack of steady employment, disintegration of the traditional social groups and the system of values lead to the destabilization of the situation of the immigratory population. This made starting a family difficult, leading to a large number of informal relationships, lone mothers and illegitimate children deprecated by public opinion. The hardships of lonely maternity, lack of support on the part of the state administration and shelters determined the increased number of crimes against children. Also, unfavourable was a common practice of employing wet nurses, who left their own children in the care of hired babysitters, who were knowingly called the “producers of angels” because of the fact of a huge mortality rate among such infants, dying as a result of disastrous care, or, sometimes, simply murdered. Social work of pedagogues, doctors and lawyers slightly improved the fate of the poorest mothers, who most often committed infanticide and abandonment of their children, and, consequently, the scale of such phenomena at the beginning of the 20th century slightly decreased.

Współczesne oblicza feminizacji migracji i jej skutki

58%

Zbyrad T.

Studia Polonijne

2018

vol. 39

299-323

Polacy należą do narodów bardzo mocno osadzonych w procesach migracyjnych. Migracje z ziem polskich znane były od dawna. Jednak istnieje pewna różnica pomiędzy migracjami w przeszłości a obecnymi. Tym, co je najbardziej różnicuje, to kategorie ludzi migrujących ze względu na płeć. Niegdyś migrowali wyłącznie mężczyźni, zaś współcześnie dominującą grupę stanowią kobiety. Z uwagi na ich niespotykaną dotąd liczbę wprowadzono termin „feminizacja migracji”. To ona symbolizuje migracje końca XX i początku XXI wieku. Migracja kobiet odciska swoje piętno na rodzinie i społeczeństwie. Jednym z najbardziej dotkliwych skutków jest deficyt usług opiekuńczych w kraju migrujących kobiet. Deficyt obejmuje zarówno dzieci, jak i starszych członków rodziny, zwłaszcza rodziców. Artykuł zwraca uwagę na zjawisko feminizacji migracji, przemiany na przestrzeni lat i skutki.

People from Polish belong to nations very strongly embedded in migration processes. Migrations from Polish lands have been known for a long time. However, there is a difference between past and present migrations. What makes them the most different is the categories of people who migrate because of their gender. Once only men were migrating, while the dominant group is women. Due to their unprecedented number, the term “feminisation of migration” has been introduced. It symbolizes the migration of the late twentieth and early twenty-first century. Migration of women impresses its mark on the family and society. One of the most severe effects is the deficit of care services in the country of migrant women. The deficit covers both children and older family members, especially parents. The article draws attention to the phenomenon of feminization of migration, changes over the years and effects.

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1 Biuletyn Historii Wychowania

1 Studia Polonijne

1 Bołdyrew A.

1 Zbyrad T.

1 2018

1 2012

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Społeczno-obyczajowe uwarunkowania porzucania dzieci i dzieciobójstwa w Królestwie Polskim na przełomie XIX i XX wieku

Współczesne oblicza feminizacji migracji i jej skutki