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EN
‘On the issue of responsibility for issuance and execution of an order’ is the study dedicated to an important, although little explored in Polish conditions, problem of orders. The complexity, due to a different basis of liability and its multi-subject, is presented according to two aspects. The first one is liability for issuing the order, the other is liability for enforcement of the order. Due to the strict bound of basic issues related to the matter of responsibility for the issuance and enforcement of the order with criminal responsibility, the article is recognized from an international legal and criminal standpoint, shown mainly on the basis of the jurisprudence of international tribunals. A general emphasis is put on a discussion and familiarization with matters relating to the fields of command responsibility and superior order defense, which are the essential notions concerning matters of individual responsibility for the issuance and enforcement of orders.
EN
The purpose of the article is to discuss the new regulation provided in Art. 189d item 4 of the Code of Administrative Procedure, i.e. the impact of the circumstances of the offender’s contribution to the occurrence of administrative tort on the administrative penalty. First, after conducting an analysis, I come into a conclusion that the said contribution does not affect the very fact of being held liable, but is taken consideration only at the stage of determining the amount of penalty. This proves that its application is limited. Then, I proceed with a critical analysis of the existing limitation, referring to the fundamental principles that should be taken into account in the process of law enforcement, which involves also imposing sanctions and determining the role of administrative financial penalties.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie nowej regulacji zawartej w art. 189d pkt 4 k.p.a. tj. wpływu na karę administracyjną okoliczności przyczynienia się sprawcy do zaistnienia deliktu administracyjnego. W pierwszej kolejności po przeprowadzeniu analizy dochodzę do wniosku, że przyczynienie się nie wpływa na sam fakt poniesienia odpowiedzialności, a jedynie brane jest pod uwagę na etapie ustalania wysokości kary. Świadczy to o ograniczonym jego zastosowaniu. Następnie dokonuję krytycznej analizy występującego ograniczenia, odwołując się do podstawowych zasad, które powinny być brane pod uwagę w procesie wykonywania prawa, czyli również podczas nakładania sankcji oraz funkcji jakie pełni administracyjna kara pieniężna.
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