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PL
W artykule poddano analizie słownictwo specjalistyczne z zakresu architektury wyekscerpowane z Budowy kościołów Piotra Aignera. Ustalono, że 38 nazw (31% badanego materiału) to neologizmy Aignera odpowiadające łacińskim terminom architektonicznym (np. głownik to odpowiednik łac. capitellum; łęk to odpowiednik łac. arcus), nieznane XIX-wiecznej polszczyźnie i nieupowszechnione w latach późniejszych. Wykazano, że tworzenie nowych, rodzimych nazw specjalistycznych z zakresu architektury w czasach zaborów należy odczytywać jako przejaw puryzmu językowego, świadectwo traktowania języka jako podstawowego czynnika kształtujący tożsamość narodową.
EN
In the article there is an analysis of specialised vocabulary from the sphere of architecture excerpted from Budowa kościołów written by Piotr Aigner. According to the research 38 names (31% of the investigated material) are neologisms created by Aigner, which are equivalents or translations of their Latin architectural terms (for example, głownik is an equivalent of the Latin word capitellum; łęk – the Latin word arcus), which had not occur in the 19th-century Polish language and were not disseminated later. As it seems creating new specialised native names in the sphere of architecture when Poland was divided by foreign invaders may be interpreted as a kind of language purism, an example of treating the language as a basic factor that shapes the national identity.
EN
The work concerns the usefulness of terms “style” and “discourse” in research of academic Polish evolution. One notices the significant advantages of complementary interpretation of research on the academic Polish evolution. The analysis of style level ensures description of basic and essential – both: stable and changeable – language features, systemic, but stylistically worked. On the other hand the reference to discourse level enables to describe and interpret the phenomena of academic communication in broader aspects, taking into consideration the socio-cultural contexts, which determine the forming of academic Polish in prototype shape, but also its contemporary dissolving in postmodern communication reality. Furthermore, the discourse context opens the research for extralinguistic conditions, previously neglected in analysis of language dynamics.
EN
Foreigners who decide to study in Poland often do not speak Polish at all or speak it very poorly. They need one year to learn the language enabling them to succeed in the following year in studies at their chosen university in Poland. During this preparatory course, it is not enough sufficient to only use one of popular textbooks for teaching the Polish language, since mastering the academic and official styles is a very important prerequisite. These styles are reflected in all language skills and should be practiced while teaching all of them. Students should master certain genres, language functions and selected structures both in speech and in writing.
PL
Na podjęcie studiów w Polsce decydują się często obcokrajowcy, którzy nie znają języka polskiego zupełnie lub poznali go w niewielkim stopniu. Zmuszeni są więc w ciągu dwóch semestrów opanować nowy język na tyle, by w następnym roku akademickim podjąć studia na wybranym przez siebie uniwersytecie w Polsce. Podczas opracowywania programu kursu dla wymienionej grupy odbiorców i jego realizowania nie można ograniczać się do wykorzystania popularnych podręczników do nauczania języka polskiego jako obcego. Niezwykle istotnym elementem w przygotowaniu obcokrajowców do studiowania i uczestniczenia w życiu społeczności akademickiej jest opanowanie stylów naukowego i urzędowo-kancelaryjnego. Wyznaczniki owych stylów powinny być ćwiczone w sposób zintegrowany w ramach wszystkich sprawności językowych. W tym celu przyszli studenci winni analizować i opanowywać określone gatunki, wyrażać towarzyszące im funkcje językowe, umieć rozpoznawać, rozumieć i stosować wybrane struktury gramatyczne zarówno w rozumieniu ze słuchu i tekstów pisanych, jak i wypowiedzi ustnej oraz pisemnej.
EN
The paper discusses stylistic differentiation of a 16th century hunting guide Myślistwo ptasze, w którym się opisuje sposób dostawania wszelakiego ptaka (‘Bird hunting, describing the method to catch any bird’, published 1584) by Mateusz Cygański. An analysis of the text has shown that it is possible to indicate in it examples of mutual entanglement of two stylistic registers. Due to a secondary recording of the text (owing to the author’s illiteracy), the language of this monument is characterized by multiple indicators of the colloquial style, while elements of specialist style that can be found in it, are the result of capturing colloquiality in a certain intellectual rigor enforced by the contemporary editorial and genre convention.
EN
The article reveals the researches on the characteristics, manifestations and defects of vocal technique with high impedance, which is the main criterion for evaluating the professionalism of each singer-performer of academic manner. The necessity and timeliness of research of the aforementioned problem is proved. The essence of the concepts of “vocal technique”, “defects of vocal sound”, “impedance”, “throat sound”, “nasal prism”, “forcing”, “detonation” is specified; the peculiarities of a number of methods and techniques for combating defects in vocal technique in general and vocal sound formation and sound behavior, in particular among students of artistic higher education institutions at vocational classes, are highlighted. As a result of working out the literature it has become clear that the problem of detection and struggle with imperfect vocal technique among pupils of artistic higher education is of paramount importance, since it is an actual task of musical-pedagogical education and one of the conditions for the development of the spiritual culture of mankind. The primary sources on the research problem interpret the singing activity as the main one, which allows, with the help of vocal hearing and muscular-vibration sensations, to form professional vocal techniques for future musicians, educators and performers, which is part of the improvement of their professional training. At the same time, the process of detecting and getting rid of the disadvantages of vocal technique is a painstaking systematic work in the classroom where the guiding vocabulary is a vocal professional technique with strong impedance and the world-renowned European academic opera-concert blended-cover style of singing, which is characterized by the covered sound, softness, roundness, callousness, homogeneity, naturalness of sound, coherence of registers, etc. The prospect of further research in the context of our study is to develop methodological support for the development of reflexive actions close to professional vocal technique with strong impedance, as well as in the formation of skills of independent work in the process of mastering vocal repertoire.
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