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Etyka a filozofia moralna. Problem podobieństw i różnic w filozoficznym ujęciu moralności pomiędzy Arystotelesem i Tomaszem z Akwinu

100%
Andrzejuk I.
Kwartalnik Filozoficzny
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2010
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vol. 38
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issue 4
51-67
EN
The article considers the ethical views of Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas. It focuses on Saint Thomas’s adaptation of Aristotle’s ethical theory. The most important issue in this regard is the structure man. By proposing the essential structure of man, Aristotle stresses his spiritual and physical nature and explains both change and identity in an individual. However, Aquinas changed Aristotle’s theory of substance fundamentally by introducing the concept of existence as the first act of being. The notions of freedom, will, synderesis and conscience are crucial in perceiving man as a subject of moral actions. By introducing the concepts of synderesis and conscience Aquinas changes the representation of man in the context of his actions. By emphasising the will as the power responsible for intellectual desire, he makes it easier to explain the proper improvement of man in choosing the means to reach his final end. After analysing the views of Aquinas and Aristotle one can conclude that the essential view on human structure does not lead to the issue of the person. The existential view of the structure of man makes it possible to explain the immortality of the human soul, and creates a space for relations between God and man. It seems therefore that the different starting points of Aristotle and Aquinas with regard to the structure of man led them to different conclusions in the field of moral philosophy.
2
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Rozróżnienie realne esse-essentia w metafizyce według Leonarda Polo

80%
Sołomiewicz A.
Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne
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2023
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vol. 32
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issue 1
37-51
EN
In order to lead metaphysics out of the crisis, according to Leonard Polo it is necessary to recover for philosophy its greatest achievements and rethink its fundaments and correct possible aporias. These include Aristotle’s too narrow approach to the concept of potency (substances are in fact potential), or the adoption of too many acts of existence and essences in physical reality. According to Polo, the world has one act of existence and one essence, while the multiplicity of beings comes from the interaction of four physical causes: material, formal, causative and final. The unity of the order of these co-causes creates one essence, which corresponds to one act of existence of the world: persistence. The existence of the universe is the first principle of non-contradiction, while the first principle of identity is the Creator, from whom everything comes. The object of Leonardo Polo’s metaphysics is the act of existence of the physical world, whereas the created acts of spiritual existence (persons) are the object of transcendental anthropology, which stands above metaphysics.
3
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Egzystencjalna metafizyka bytu w traktacie "De ente et essentia" Tomasza z Akwinu

71%
Andrzejuk A.
Rocznik Tomistyczny
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2013
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vol. 2
95-111.
EN
Text De ente et essentia was written together with "De principis naturae" in Thomas’ first years of teaching activities and accounted philosophical “exercises” for the brothers at the convent of St. James in Paris. There is commonly noted, that Aquinas had already established the most important theses of his philosophy, the existential metaphysics of being above all, in which the act was the existence of this being, and the form with the matter constituted its essence. In this situation, the source of all existence, God appeared as only existence. Analysis of existential themes in "De ente et essentia" confirms these opinions. In later texts, especially in the "Summa Contra Gentiles", "Summa theologiae" and "Quaestiones disputatae", Thomas deepens his concepts; he introduces extended topic of transcendentals - property of being which manifest its existence. However, the bulk of his existential metaphysics of existence has been outlined already in "De ente et essentia", and it was never corrected in the basic theses.
4
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The Person in Relation: An Analysis of Great Catholic Education via Thomistic Personalism

71%
Salisbury M.
Studia Gilsoniana
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2018
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vol. 7
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issue 2
263-291
EN
The author shows the usefulness of the philosophy of Thomistic personalism in determining the type of education most beneficial to the human person’s highest development by building on St. Thomas Aquinas’s idea of personal relation according to both the first act-esse and the second act-operari. Because the richness of this philosophy involves the use of Thomistic metaphysics and metaethics, anthropology, political philosophy, phenomenology and aesthetics and is meant to be applied (as in Pope St. John Paul II’s theology of the body), the author helps discover a unique and fitting tool by which Catholic education may be considered and planned for based on what is most fundamental to the human person’s reality—the act of his existence and subsequent personalistic act, according to truth and love. The author also presents a selection of real applications included in such an approach to the person in relation.
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