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EN
The reality of the danger of active shooters performing a terror attack at school facilities during the working hours, inspires to thought about possible guidelines under which an unarmed person could stop an armed aggressor in the moment he breaks into school and launches an attack. Quality physical security measures can prevent infiltration of a trespasser into a building or make it at least difficult, however it is necessary to always take into consideration that the physical security measures will be surpassed and the attacker infiltrates the building. Surviving an active shooter event is possible when following the “run-hide-fight & survive” guidelines.
EN
In situations that involve violence resembling terrorism (VRT), flexible management and collaboration between authorities are the keys to successful operations. As previous researches have stated, poor communication and poor procedures are the main challenges. All challenges should be divided into adaptive challenges and technical problems, in order to gradually help the first responders to conquer them. If their differences are not recognised, first responders tend to try and solve adaptive challenges wrongly by using technical measures. In this paper, the selected incidents are examined through a multiple-case study. The findings are tied to Heifetz, Grashow, and Linsky’s model of adaptive challenges and technical problems. It is concluded that without adequate training and guidelines, first responders tend to maintain old practices, which can compromise the efficiency and safety of rescue operations.
EN
Large shopping centers are one of the most sensitive soft targets. They are susceptible to attacks with both firearms and various types of white weapons, especially knives. They are attractive to emotionally and mentally unstable people who want to be famous. Despite monitoring and protecting the facility, it is almost impossible to stop the attack of a potential terrorist. Shopping centers combined into one unit with rail and bus stations are extremely difficult to secure because conflicting security procedures are often used here. It is advisable to build special safety procedures for such hybrid.
PL
Duże centra handlowe są jednymi z najbardziej wrażliwych celów miękkich. Są podatne na ataki zarówno z użyciem broni palnej, jak i różnego rodzaju białej broni, zwłaszcza noży. Są atrakcyjne dla ludzi niestabilnych emocjonalnie i psychicznie, którzy chcą być sławni. Pomimo monitorowania i ochrony obiektu niemal niemożliwe jest powstrzymanie ataku potencjalnego terrorysty. Centra handlowe połączone w jedną całość z dworcami kolejowymi i autobusowymi są niezwykle trudne do zabezpieczenia, ponieważ często stosuje się tutaj sprzeczne procedury bezpieczeństwa. Wskazane jest budowanie dla takich hybryd specjalnych procedur bezpieczeństwa.
PL
Zabójstwa masowe popełniane przez tzw. aktywnych strzelców mają wiele cech wspólnych z atakami terrorystycznymi, lecz nie należy ich z nimi utożsamiać. Oba zjawiska zyskują rozgłos w mediach i budzą społeczne emocje. W Polsce nigdy nie doszło do ataku uzbrojonego napastnika na placówkę szkolną ani uczelnię, jednakże od kilku lat prowadzona jest profilaktyka i edukacja w tym zakresie. Ogromne znaczenie mają szkolenia dotyczące prawidłowo przeprowadzanych ewakuacji oraz postępowania w sytuacji zagrożenia atakiem uzbrojonego napastnika. Znaczne zróżnicowanie podmiotów prowadzących szkolenia sprawia, że ich poziom i treści bardzo się różnią, a zalecenia niejednokrotnie są dyskusyjne. Nader istotna jest więc ocena przydatności tych filmowych materiałów szkoleniowych.
EN
Mass murders committed by so-called active shooters have a lot in common with terrorist attacks but should not be identified with them. Both phenomena attract publicity and raise public sentiment. There has never been an attack on a school or university in Poland, but prevention and education in this matter have been conducted for several years. It is of great importance to provide a proper evacuation drill training and to deal with the threat of a shooter attack. Due to a considerable diversity of training providers, their level, content and type of recommendations are extremely varied and sometimes disputable. It is important to evaluate the suitability of film training materials on this subject.
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