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EN
This article deals with the issue of securing the performance of the content of an administrative-legal relationship. The purpose of the discussion is to indicate what measures are provided for in the normative acts, as well as what measures are postulated in the doctrine. The article discusses the differences and similarities between the legal means of securing the performance of public-law obligations, as well as recognizing the basic problems that can be encountered when using these instruments and when assessing their effectiveness and efficiency. Administration is faced with a huge number of tasks. They are carried out in various legal forms, often there are imperative forms. The effect of the administra-tion’s actions are then orders and prohibitions of specific behavior addressed to those administrated. They result from administrative acts or normative acts. The state implements its goals and tasks primarily by means of administrative and legal orders and prohibitions, in order for them to be really effective, they must be secured by coercion or sanctions. In public law, the application of legal regulations results from the will of the competent state authorities, and the addressees of the actions of these entities cannot protect themselves from the consequences (consequences) of their adoption or violation. The multiplicity of these instruments is not an obstacle to achieving the goal of safeguarding compliance with administrative law; on the contrary, their richness makes the system more flexible and facilitates the choice of the best measure to se-cure the norm, and on the other hand, to be proportionate and fair in its application. The analysis of the legal problems is preceded by an explanation of the key terms: “administrative-legal relationship”, “administrative sanction” and “administrative lia-bility”, which allow the purpose and functions of individual legal instruments to be described. The article also discusses the objectives of administrative enforcement and administrative sanctions, as well as the problem of compliance of administrative sanctions with the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and international acts.
EN
This paper deals with pecuniary penalties administered by public administration bodies, and their place in the existing legal system. Recently, a model of liability based on administrative sanctions has become widespread. Consequently, attempts have been undertaken to modify the principles governing the bearing of responsibility in order to arrive at a simplified and immediate administrative procedure and a respective penalty. It is also expected to ease the workload currently suffered by the judicial organs of justice. An exemption from the criminal responsibility regime of a given category should be accompanied by trial guarantees similar to those applicable under criminal law. However, in reality, the procedure of sanctioning actions undertaken by administrating bodies is far from perfect and leaves much room for discretionary decisions. Unclear criteria governing decisions on penalties as well as the absence of solutions permitting prescription, combined with a lack of clear guidelines of a procedure in the event of a concurrence of an administrative as well as a criminal responsibility, may in effect lead to a breach of constitutional standards. In this paper the legal nature of administrative pecuniary penalties is analysed and the main features differentiating this form of repression from punishments administered for petty crimes and crimes are discussed. The conclusions reached as a result of the performed analysis constituted the ground upon which an answer to the question whether administrative criminal law is really necessary as a separate branch of law was based. The proposed solutions are centred around the need to ensure cohesion and uniformity in the area of administering and enforcing pecuniary penalties in administrative proceedings. The formulated conclusions contain de lege ferenda a postulate to tie administrative pecuniary penalties to a specific type of responsibility, and to a model of a procedure that would protect an individual against the arbitrariness of authorities.
PL
Artykuł porusza problematykę kar pieniężnych stosowanych przez organy administracji publicznej oraz ich miejsca w systemie prawnym. W ostatnich latach ustawodawca coraz powszechniej stosuje model odpowiedzialności oparty na sankcjach administracyjnych. Modyfikacja zasad ponoszenia odpowiedzialności, polegająca na zastosowaniu uproszczonego i przyspieszonego trybu nakładania kar w postępowaniu administracyjnym, miałaby przyczynić się do odciążenia organów wymiaru sprawiedliwości. Wyłączeniu spod reżimu odpowiedzialności karnej określonej kategorii spraw winno towarzyszyć ustanowienie takich gwarancji procesowych, jakie znane są prawu karnemu. Tymczasem procedura sankcjonujących działań podmiotów administrujących pozostawia tym podmiotom duży zakres uznaniowości. Niejasne kryteria miarkowania kar, brak rozwiązań przewidujących przedawnienie możliwości nałożenia kary oraz brak wyraźnych unormowań odnoszących się do tego, jak postępować w przypadku zbiegu odpowiedzialności administracyjnej i karnej, może skutkować łamaniem standardów konstytucyjnych. Opracowanie obejmuje analizę charakteru prawnego administracyjnych kar pieniężnych i wskazuje na podstawowe różnice, jakie odróżniają tę formę represji od kar za wykroczenia i przestępstwa. Wyniki analizy stanowią podstawę do odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy administracyjne prawo karne jako nowa gałąź prawa jest w ogóle potrzebne. Proponowane rozwiązania koncentrują się wokół potrzeby zapewnienia spójności i jednolitości w zakresie wymierzania i egzekwowania sankcji pieniężnych w postępowaniu administracyjnym. Sformułowane wnioski de lege ferenda obejmują postulat wyodrębnienia administracyjnych kar pieniężnych, jako szczególnego rodzaju odpowiedzialności, oraz stworzenie takiego modelu postępowania, który zabezpieczyłby jednostkę przed arbitralnością władzy.
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