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EN
Since the revival of the self-government system in Poland in 1990, the capital and the biggest city of Poland has had an administrative system different from other Polish towns. In 1990–2002, the system was based on the territorial structure made of separate units called gminas (communes), having a status of legal entities. However, the system was evolving over that period. In 1990–1994 the city was divided into seven districts-gminas: Warszawa-Mokotów, Warszawa-Ochota, Warszawa-Wola, Warszawa-Żoliborz, Warszawa-Praga Północ, Warszawa-Praga Południe and Warszawa-Śródmieście. The mayor of the city of Warsaw was its President elected by all the city councilors. The system did not function well. In 1994 a new system was introduced: the central part of the city, which had the biggest building density and the population of about one million, became one gmina called Warszawa-Centrum and divided into districts. Around it, there were ten neighboring gminas: Warszawa-Ursynów, Warszawa-Wilanów, Warszawa-Wawer, Warszawa-Targówek, Warszawa-Rembertów, Warszawa-Białołęka, Warszawa-Bielany, Warszawa-Bemowo and Warszawa-Ursus. In 1998 a decision was made to introduce one more level of self-government in the city: powiat warszawski (County of Warsaw) with its own administrative units. This very complicated system existed until 2002, when it was replaced by a new one in which Warsaw was made one gmina with eighteen districts.
EN
The Kaliningrad Oblast is one of 89 subjects in the Russian Federation. New self governmental authorities, applying European standards, were introduced here by the federal law passed in 1995. The top legislative body in the Oblast is the Kaliningrad Oblast Duma, which functions on a par with the governor. Since 2010 the Oblast has had a three tier administration system. The first is the entire Oblast. The second tier refers to six cities of Oblast importance and one urban settlement, whereas 66 gminas (communes), 19 municipal and 47 rural-type settlements, are covered by tier three.
PL
Obwód kaliningradzki stanowi jeden z 89 podmiotów Federacji Rosyjskiej. Nowy samorząd, wykorzystujący standardy europejskie, wprowadziła tu ustawa federalna przyjęta w 1995 r. Najwyższym organem ustawodawczym władzy państwowej obwodu jest Kaliningradzka Duma Obwodowa. Funkcjonuje ona na równi z gubernatorem. Podział administracyjny obwodu od 2010 r. składa się z trzech poziomów. Pierwszym jest cały obwód. Drugi poziom stanowi sześć miast o znaczeniu obwodowym i jedno osiedle miejskie. W skład poziomu trzeciego przyporządkowano 66 gmin, z tego 19 miejskich oraz 47 gmin wiejskich.
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