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EN
The article gives a critical review of previous views on the origin of komitats as administrative units in the Early Medieval Bulgarian State. Among the Bulgarian researchers, the opinion of their Byzantine origin prevailed, while the only Western researcher dealing with the problem, T. Wasilewski, advocated the thesis of their relationship with Western Europe, suggesting some of the conclusions of I. Venedikov. It is concluded that at the beginning of the 9th century, when Bulgaria expanded its territory almost doubled, its population is multiethnic and already has direct neighbors in the face of Byzantium and the Frankish state needed a new administrative division. The administrative division of the two countries is decided in two fundamentally different ways. In search of ways to solve the problem, the Byzantine themae system and the marks of the Frankish state are presented. Between komitats and the themae system the similarities are only formal, whereas the comparison with the marks proved to be much more efficient. In this case, similarities are found with regard to their location, their way of setting up, the powers and the way of appointing their governors, as well as the names and powers of the governors. The presence of komitats on the northern and western borders of the Early Medieval Bulgarian state was established, but not in the direction of Constantinople. These parts are directly subordinate to the central government, and this division of ‘inside’ and ‘out’ is characteristic of both early-medieval Bulgaria and the Frankish state of that period. It is pointed out the possibility that the Boritarkans are an intermediary between the central authority and the komitats, and on the basis of the source data the possibility is presented that they are directly subordinated to the komiti.
EN
During II World War Białystok Voivodeship experienced occupation by both aggressor states, which attacked The Second Polish Republic in September 1939 – both twice in a short time. The first one was The Third Reich, which tried to secure those territories waiting for the move of the Soviets. After a few days, they were handed over to the USSR. After correction of Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact the Soviets abandoned their original plan of creating Polish Soviet Socialistic Republic and among others in Białystok Voivodeship organized antidemocratic elections to the People’s Assembly of Western Belorussia. The Assembly soon voted to join Byelorussian SSR. In December the Belostok Oblast was created, later divided into 24 raions, legal unification with the rest of the Soviet Union was finished in March 1940. When the Germans came back to these lands in June 1941 they soon established Bezirk Bialystok, administrative unit subjected to the province of East Prussia, divided into eight district police stations. Despite announcements it was never annexed by the Reich. The Soviets immediately started to organize guerilla units and oblast authorities with a temporary seat in Moscow, but they didn’t reached Białystok region until July 1944. In the meantime Stalin changed his plan for this territory and handed it over to govern by the Polish Committee of National Liberation, which led to establishment of new Białystok Voivodeship in the postwar Polish state in August 1944.
PL
Podczas II wojny światowej województwo białostockie doświadczyło okupacji ze strony obu państw, które zaatakowały II Rzeczpospolitą we wrześniu 1939 r. – obu dwukrotnie i w krótkim czasie. Rozpoczęła III Rzesza, która próbowała zabezpieczyć te tereny, czekając na ruchy wojsk sowieckich. Po paru dniach przekazano je ZSRR. Po korekcie paktu Ribbentrop-Mołotow Sowieci porzucili swój pierwotny plan utworzenia Polskiej Socjalistycznej Republiki Radzieckiej i między innymi na terytorium województwa białostockiego zorganizowali antydemokratyczne wybory do Zgromadzenia Ludowego Zachodniej Białorusi. Zgromadzenie wkrótce przegłosowało włączenie białostocczyzny do Białoruskiej SRR. W grudniu utworzono obwód białostocki, później podzielony na 24 rejony, a pełna unifikacja prawna tych ziem z resztą Związku Radzieckiego zakończyła się w marcu 1940 r. Wkrótce po powrocie na te tereny Niemów ustanowiono Bezirk Bialystok, jednostkę administracyjną podzieloną na osiem komisariatów powiatowych i podporządkowaną prowincji Prusy Wschodnie. Pomimo zapowiedzi, nigdy nie została bezpośrednio włączona do Rzeszy. Sowieci natychmiast rozpoczęli organizację oddziałów partyzanckich i władz obwodowych z tymczasową siedzibą w Moskwie, ale nie dotarły one do białostocczyzny aż do lipca 1944 r. Do tego czasu Stalin zmienił swój plan zagospodarowania tego terenu i przekazał go pod rządy Polskiego Komitetu Wyzwolenia Narodowego, który w sierpniu 1944 r. doprowadził do utworzenia nowego województwa białostockiego w powojennym państwie polskim.
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