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EN
This paper presents the multitude and variety of expressions in the Polish language (e.g. góra, minimum, maks, raptem, bagatela, wszystkiego, po (at most, at least, max., only, merely, altogether)), which could be classifi ed as adnumerative operators as defined by Maciej Grochowski. They include metapredictive adjectives such as dobry (milion) (a good (million)), ładne (100 kilometrów) (a good (100 kilometres)), bite (200 stron) (a whole (200 pages)), nędzne (200 złotych) (a measly (200 zloty)), which are characterised by connectivity with selected (standard and non-standard) units of measurement. The semantic and syntactic analysis of corpus examples shows that the discussed adjectives differ from their equivalents from the relevant language level in formal terms (non-predicativity, non-contrastivity, non-gradability, non-negativity) and semantic terms (communicating evaluations ‘to dużo’ (it’s much/many), ‘to mało’ (it’s little/few), indicating a precise or an approximate value, reinforcing assertion).
EN
The article presents Polish approximators with different formal properties as an illustration of Jadwiga Wajszczuk’s theory of metatextual expression classification. These are former prepositions, pronouns, and qualitative adjectives, which have passed from the object to the non-object level of language (the process of grammaticalization), changing their grammatical and semantic features. Although in Wajszczuk’s classification approximators are classified as metapredicative operators, some of them show features of meta-operators, whereas others are classified somewhere between metatext and object vocabulary.
PL
Artykuł ukazuje polskie aproksymatory o różnych właściwościach formalnych jako ilustrację teorii klasyfikacji wyrażeń metatekstowych Jadwigi Wajszczuk. Są to dawne przyimki, zaimki i przymiotniki jakościowe, które przeszły z przedmiotowego na nieprzedmiotowy poziom języka (proces gramatykalizacji), zmieniając swoje cechy gramatyczne i znaczeniowe. Chociaż w klasyfikacji Wajszczuk aproksymatory zaliczone zostały do operatorów metapredykatywnych, część z nich wykazuje cechy metaoperatorów, a inne plasują się na pograniczu metatekstu i słownictwa przedmiotowego.
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