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EN
The aim of this article is to briefly introduce and critically analyze the dialogue between phenomenology and contemporary theories of embodied cognition in relation to the study of affectivity. The author explains how these theoretical approaches interpret the dynamic relationship between affective experiences on the one hand and bodily behavior and intersubjectively observable processes taking place in the environment on the other. He first summarizes the positions of Joel Krueger and Giovanna Colombetti, who draw on the theories of extended cognition and enactivism, and then compares them with Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenological approach. In this way, there are found to be inconsistencies in Krueger’s and Colombetti’s approaches, whose resolution, in the author’s opinion, requires the working out of a rigorously “relational” interpretation of affectivity. From this point of view, affectivity is not understood as an internal phenomenon causally linked to external material factors, but strictly as a dynamic relationship between a sense-making agent and his or her meaningful environment.
CS
Cílem tohoto článku je krátce představit a kriticky analyzovat dialog mezi fenomenologií a současnými teoriemi vtělené kognice ve vztahu ke zkoumání afektivity. Autor vysvětluje, jakým způsobem tyto teoretické přístupy interpretují dynamický vztah mezi afektivními zkušenostmi na jedné straně a tělesným chováním a intersubjektivně pozorovatelnými procesy probíhajícími v prostředí na straně druhé. Nejdříve shrnuje pozice Joela Kruegera a Giovanny Colombettiové, kteří čerpají z teorií rozšířené kognice a enaktivismu, a poté je srovnává s Merleau-Pontyho fenomenologickým přístupem. V koncepcích Kruegera a Colombettiové tak vycházejí najevo rozpory, jejichž řešení si podle názoru autora vyžaduje vypracování důsledně „relační“ interpretace afektivity. Z tohoto hlediska je afektivita chápána nikoli jako vnitřní fenomén kauzálně propojený s vnějšími materiálními faktory, nýbrž přísně jako dynamický vztah mezi tím, kdo uskutečňuje „výkon smyslu“, a jeho či jejím smysluplným prostředím.
EN
The period of the German occupation, the ‘Böhmen und Mähren’ Protectorate and World War II constitutes a specific cultural, social, intellectual, as well as emotional and affective ’space’ of confrontation with extreme states and experiences — which are then variously articulated and shapes by art, as well as reflected in art theory and philosophy of art. The current debate on the crisis of humanism and the newly aroused theoretical interest in anthropological, philosophical and aesthetic phenomena such as affectivity, pathos, and the performativity and mediality of emotions and affects, puts into a new light also the issue of the relationship between art and violence in Czech art, and in particular poetry, of the wartime period. Our main question in this context is: How should one explain that even amongst the horrors of war, occupation, and brutal violence, in confrontation with inhumanity, cruelty and suffering, highly impressive aesthetic works are created? Can the unimaginable be represented? The authors seek to provide at least a partial answer by presenting an analysis of the wartime poetry of Jan Zahradníček from his Korouhve, especially of his Žalm roku dvaačtyřicátého (Psalm of ’42).
EN
Erin Hurley and Sara Warner in their insightful study “Affect/Performance/Politics” (2012) remind us that humanities and social sciences today experience a new sweep of theoretical inquiry, focusing on studying affect as a leading mechanism of our cognition and communication, as well as making and receiving art products. This paper takes this theoretical proposition further. I argue that although the theory of affect is still struggling to find its own methodology of textual and performance analysis, when it is paired with semiotic approaches in theatre scholarship, it can offer interesting insights on how theatrical performance capitalizes on its built-in structural or artistic intentionality – Jan Mukařovský’s semantic gesture – to evoke the audience’s emotional responses.
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